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HomeMy WebLinkAbout6744 ORDINANCE NO. 6744 AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AUBURN, WASHINGTON, RELATING TO PROPERTY MAINTENANCE, AND AMENDING TITLE 15 OF THE AUBURN CITY CODE WHEREAS, all City of Auburn residents should live in safe, healthy house; and WHEREAS, the City of Auburn seeks to promote a consistent baseline of housing conditions for all rental properties in order to ensure that tenants enjoy safe and healthy conditions; and WHEREAS, the adoption of the National Healthy Housing Standards as guidelines will provide an additional tool to assist code compliance officers promote healthy housing for all Auburn residents; and WHEREAS, the City Council requested that the Community Development Department explore code amendments pertaining to healthy housing; and WHEREAS, the Auburn code references adoption of the International Property Maintenance Code, which the City adopted in 2016, in two chapters. Consolidation of those references into Chapter 15.06 will make the code clearer and more functional. NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AUBURN, WASHINGTON, DO ORDAIN as follows: Section 1. Amendment to City Code. That sections 15.06.010 and 15.06.020 of the Auburn City Code are amended to read as shown in Exhibit A of this ordinance. Section 2. Recodification of Sections. That sections 15.20.010 through 15.20.077 of the Auburn City Code are recodified as part of Chapter 15.06 as shown in Exhibit A to this ordinance. Ordinance No. 6744 December 9, 2019 Page 1 of 2 Section 3. Amendment to City Code. That Chapter 15.20 of the Auburn City Code is amended to read as shown in Exhibit B of this ordinance. Section 4. Implementation. The Mayor is authorized to implement those administrative procedures necessary to carry out the directives of this legislation. Section 5. Severability. The provisions of this ordinance are declared to be separate and severable. The invalidity of any clause, sentence, paragraph, subdivision, section, or portion of this ordinance, or the invalidity of the application of it to any person or circumstance, will not affect the validity of the remainder of this ordinance, or the validity of its application to other persons or circumstances. Section 6. Effective date. This Ordinance will take effect and be in force five days from and after its passage, approval, and publication as provided by law. INTRODUCED: DEC 1 6 2019 PASSED: DEC 1 6 2019 APPROVED: DEC 1 6 20T9 yANCY B<k US, MAYOR ATTEST: APP-9V D AS TO FORM: Com. ,,,,L 1a L*14 Shawn Campbell, MMC, City City k Steven L. ross, City Attorney Published: ,_„.,�- c -'._,...,.„ \ S , Z�N.c.\ Ordinance No. 6744 December 9, 2019 Page 2 of 2 Exhibit A—Ordinance No. 6744 15.06.010 International codes and other standards adopted. There is adopted by reference, upon the effective date of the ordinance codified in this chapter and upon filing with the city clerk one copy thereof, the following described chapters of the Washington Administrative Code, International Codes and standards, and Uniform Plumbing Code and standards together with appendix chapters, amendments, deletions and additions as set forth in this section or in the appropriate chapters in this code. A. International Building Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Building Code, as published by the International Code Council, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-50 WAC, is adopted by reference with amendments, deletions and additions thereto as provided in Chapter 15.08A ACC, Building Code. B. International Residential Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Residential Code, as published by the International Code Council, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-51 WAC, is adopted by reference, including Chapter 11, "Energy Efficiency," Chapters 25 through 33, "Plumbing," and Chapters 34 through 43, "Electrical." C. International Mechanical Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Mechanical Code, as published by the International Code Council, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-52 WAC, is adopted by reference. D. International Fire Code Adopted.The 2015 Edition of the International Fire Code, as published by the International Code Council, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-54A WAG, is adopted by reference with amendments, deletions and additions thereto as provided in Chapter 15.36A ACC, Fire Code. E. National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54) Adopted. The 2015 Edition of ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code, as published by NFPA, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-52 WAC, is adopted by reference. December 3, 2019 Page 1 of 7 Exhibit A-Ordinance No. 6744 F. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code (NFPA 58) Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, as published by NFPA, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-52 WAC, is adopted by reference. G. International Fuel Gas Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Fuel Gas Code, as published by the International Code Council, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-52 WAC, is adopted by reference. H. Uniform Plumbing Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the Uniform Plumbing Code, as published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-56 WAC, is adopted by reference, including Chapter 12, "Fuel Piping," Chapter 15, "Firestop Protection," Appendix A, "Recommended Rules for Sizing the Water Supply System,"Appendix B, "Explanatory Notes on Combination Waste and Vent Systems,"Appendix C, "Alternate Plumbing Systems,"Appendix I, "Installation Standards,"and those requirements of the Uniform Plumbing Code relating to venting and combustion air of fuel-fired appliances as found in Chapter 5 and those portions of the code addressing building sewers. I. International Energy Conservation Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Energy Conservation Code, as published by the International Code Council, as amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapters 51-11C and 51-11R WAC. The most current Washington State Energy Code as established under Chapter 19.27A RCW(most recently amended in 2012). The Washington State Energy Code, as adopted and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in Chapters 51-11C and 51-11R WAC, is adopted. J. International Property Maintenance Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Property Maintenance Code, as published by the International Code Council, is adopted by reference subject to the following deletions, exceptions and conditions of Chapter 15.20 ACC. 1. Code Official. For the purposes hereof, where the International Property Maintenance Code references the code official, that shall refer to and be construed to mean the building official as used in the city code. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the terms"code official"and "building official" shall be synonymous. December 3,2019 Page 2 of 7 Exhibit A-Ordinance No. 6744 2. Appendices Adopted. International Property Maintenance Code Appendix Chapter A, Boarding Standard, is hereby adopted. A copy of the International Property Maintenance Code Appendix Chapter A, Boarding Standard, shall be on file in the office of the city clerk. 3. Sections 103.1 and 103.5 amended. Sections 103.1 and 103.5 of the International Property Maintenance Code are amended to read as follows: 103.1 Department of property maintenance inspection. The department of community development is responsible for implementation and enforcement of the International Property Maintenance Code. 103.5 Fees. The fees for activities and services performed by the city in carrying out its responsibilities under this code, including hearings conducted by the hearing examiner, shall be as indicated in the City of Auburn Fee Schedule. 4. Sections 107.2 and 107.3 amended. Sections 107.2 and 107.3 of the International Property Maintenance Code are amended to read as follows: 107.2 Notices and orders. Such notice prescribed in Section 107.1 shall be in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 1.25 regarding the form of notices. 107.3 Method of service. Notices shall be deemed to be properly served if delivered in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 1.25 regarding the method of services of notices. 5. Section 110 amended - Demolition. International Property Maintenance Code Section 110.1 is amended to read as follows: Section 110.1 General. The code official shall order the owner or owner's authorized agent of any premises upon which is located any structure,which in the code official's or owner's authorized agent judgment after review is so deteriorated or dilapidated or has become so out of repair as to be dangerous, unsafe, insanitary or otherwise unfit for human habitation or occupancy, and such that it is unreasonable to repair the structure, to December 3, 2019 Page 3 of 7 Exhibit A—Ordinance No. 6744 demolish and remove such structure; or if such structure is capable of being made safe by repairs, to repair and make safe and sanitary, or to board up and hold for future repair or to demolish and remove at the owner's option; or where there has been a cessation of normal construction of any structurefor a period of more than two (2) years, the code official shall order the owner or owner's authorized agent to demolish and remove such structure, or board up until future repair. Unless the code official determines that other measures are appropriate based on the circumstances, boarding the building up for future repair shall comply with appendix A and the structure shall not remain boarded beyond thirty(30) days, except where a non-opaque material is used that provides the same level of security as provided by the requirements of Appendix A, the boarding may remain_in place for no more than one year. Timeframe extensions may be approved by the code official. 6. Section 111 amended — Means of appeal. Section 111 of the International Property Maintenance Code is deleted in its entirety and is replaced with the following: 111 Means of appeal. Any person directly affected by a decision of the code official or a notice or order issued under the international property maintenance code shall have the right to appeal the decision, notice, or order, accept notices to correct and the notices described in section 107. The means for appealing shall be that provided in ACC 15.07.130, as hereafter amended. 7. Sections 112.2 and 112.4 amended — Stop work order. Sections 112.2 and 112.4 of the International Property Maintenance Code are amended to read as follows: 112.2 Issuance. The provisions of Auburn City Code Chapter 1.25 regarding stop work orders shall govern the issuance of a stop work order under this code. 112.4 Failure to comply. The provisions of Auburn City Code Chapter 1.25 shall govern the enforcement of stop work orders and the penalty for failing to comply with an order. 8. Sections 302.4 and 304.14 amended—General requirements. Sections 302.4 and 304.14 of the International Property Maintenance Code are amended to read as follows: December 3, 2019 Page 4 of 7 Exhibit A—Ordinance No. 6744 302.4 Weeds. Premises and exterior property shall be maintained free from weeds or plant growth in excess of six inches. Noxious weeds shall be prohibited.Weeds shall be defined as all grasses, annual plants and vegetation, other than trees or shrubs provided; however, this term shall not include cultivated flowers and gardens. Upon failure of the owner or agent having charge of a property to cut and destroy weeds after service of a notice of violation, they shall be subject to prosecution in accordance with Section 106.3 and as prescribed by the authority having jurisdiction. Upon failure to comply with the notice of violation, any duly authorized employee of the jurisdiction or contractor hired by the jurisdiction shall be authorized to enter upon the property in violation and cut and destroy the weeds growing thereon, according to the abatement. process contained in ACC 8.12, and the costs of such removal shall be paid by the owner or agent responsible for the property. 304.14 Insect Screens. During the period from April 1 to October 31, every door, window and other outside opening required for ventilation of habitable rooms, food preparation areas, food service areas or any areas where products to be included or utilized in food for human consumption are processed, manufactured, packaged or stored shall be supplied with approved tightly fittingscreens of minimum 16 mesh per inch (16 mesh per 25 mm) and every screen door used for insect control shall have a self-closing device in good working condition. 9. Sections 602.3 and 602.4 amended—Mechanical and electrical requirements. Sections 602.3 and 602.4 of the International Property Maintenance Code are amended to read as follows: 602.3 Heat Supply. Every owner and operator of any building who rents, leases or lets one or more dwelling units or sleeping units on terms, either expressed or implied, to furnish heat to the occupants thereof shall supply heat during year-round to maintain a minimum temperature of 68°F (20°C) in all habitable rooms, bathrooms and toilet rooms. December 3, 2019 Page 5 of 7 Exhibit A—Ordinance No. 6744 Exceptions: a. When the outdoor temperature is below the winter outdoor design temperature for the locality, maintenance of the minimum room temperature shall not be required provided that the heating system is operating at its full design capacity. The winter outdoor design temperature for the locality shall be as indicated in Appendix D of the International Plumbing Code. b. In areas where the average monthly temperature is above 30°F (-1°C), a minimum temperature of 65°F (18°C) shall be maintained. 602.4 Occupiable work spaces. Indoor occupiable work spaces shall be supplied with heat year-round to maintain a minimum temperature of 65°F (18°C) during the period the spaces are occupied. Exceptions: a. Processing, storage and operation areas that require cooling or special temperature conditions. b. Areas in which persons are primarily engaged in vigorous physical activities. K. International Swimming Pool and Spa Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Swimming Pool and Spa Code,as published by the International Code Council,excluding Chapter 4, "Public Swimming Pools," Chapter 5, "Public Spas and Public Exercise Spas," and Chapter 6, "Aquatic Recreation Facilities," is adopted by reference. L. International Existing Building Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Existing Building Code, as published by the International Code Council, and hereafter amended by the State Building Code Council in WAC 51-50-480101, is adopted. M. International Green Construction Code Adopted. The 2015 Edition of the International Green Construction Code, as published by the International Code Council, is adopted by reference as an optional reference for developers who choose to utilize elements of the code for guidance. N. National Healthy Housing Standard Adopted.The 2014 edition of the National Healthy Housing Standard, as published by the National Center for Healthy Housing, is adopted by reference as a December 3,2019 Page 6 of 7 Exhibit A—Ordinance No. 6744 guideline and expression of intent to assist interpretation of the codes adopted in this Chapter. (Ord. 6615§ 17, 2016; Ord. 6601 §4, 2016; Ord. 6469§ 1, 2013; Ord. 6310§ 1, 2010; Ord. 6104 § 1, 2007; Ord. 5874 § 3, 2004; Ord. 5184 § 2, 1998; Ord. 4754 § 2, 1995; Ord. 4566 § 5 (Exh. A), 1992.) 15.06.020 Conflicts between codes -- Interpretation In case of conflict between codes enumerated in ACC 15.06.010(A) through (M), the—first-nerved - -- __ _•• - _ - , ..- - --• - - - •_ _ , the most restrictive code provision shall govern; and where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable. In the case of a conflict between the International Green Construction Code and the city of Auburn design standards, surface water management manual, or construction standards, the city of Auburn standards shall govern. The meaning. application or intent of any code provision contained in a one of the codes enumerated in 15.06.010 shall be interpreted consistent with the National Healthy Housing Standard, as adopted by that section, (Ord. 6601 §4, 2016; Ord. 6469 § 1, 2013; Ord. 5874 § 3, 2004; Ord. 5184 §2, 1998; Ord. 4754§2, 1995; Ord. 4566 § 5 (Exh. A), 1992.) December 3, 2019 Page 7 of 7 Exhibit B—Ordinance No. 6744 Chapter 15.20 • - . - _ . VACANT PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Sections: A A ! • • _ . . A•A . / A,A reguircmnnts 15.20.04810 Vacant property registration. • = -•- - -=• -•.. -_- --- - - -- •- --- - • • - .. -• -et-. ' -- - • - - - - - -- ---- - . - - - - the office of the city clerk. (Ord. 6615 § 1, 2016.) 16.2tl 20 A ppendicoc adopted - -- - - -- - - - - - •- - * -- - , -. December 3, 2019 Page 1 of 5 Exhibit B—Ordinance No. 6744 - -•- -•- *-•- - • = •- - - ti.*• -- ---- - --- - ae follows= (Ord. 6708 § 4, 2018; Ord. 6615 § 1, 2016.) --- * - ** - - • - - - - • -- 14... _ .• -.. - - . - - - aas-fellow * -- - - - • ' - - - - -.. _ . _ et.-•• - _ - notices. (Ord. 6615§ 1, 2016.) . - - - - - .- - - - - --- --- _ '• .- - - -- - - - Section 110.1 General. The code official shall order the owner or owner's authorized •••-•• --- - e•: • • -* - -, • - _ - •_ -. - .•. - - - • - •- _ -- _ -_-- . . .-. . -e.• -"-- - • - - -• A, {Ord. 6615§ 1, 2016.) December 3, 2019 Page 2 of 5 Exhibit B—Ordinance No. 6744 Section 111 of the International Property Maintenance Code is deleted in its entirety and is --_ •- - _ -- - - - - - - - - - - t -=- {Ord. 6615§ 1, 2016.) (Ord. 6615 § 1, 2016.) read as follows: _-. _ . -- .- -•• ` - • - - , = - -- (Ord. 6708 § 5, 2018.) December 3, 2019 Page 3 of 5 Exhibit B—Ordinance No. 6744 -. I.' ernents: as-foilows: .. . . -•-e- _- - - - =_° '°- • - • _ -- -- • -- - - - e• - - • • Exca�coeptii^ons: Plumbing-Cede, temperature of 65°F (18°C) shall be maintained. _! !--- - - - - --- - ---- - - - - - ---- _ • Exceptions: -- - - -- _ -._ -S - --- - - - -- - senditions. (Ord. 6708 § 6, 2018.) 15.20.08010 Vacant property registration. A. The vacant property registration program is hereby established. All vacant properties shall be registered with the city when it remains vacant for more than 30 days- Failure to register a vacant property shall constitute a violation that is punishable under the terms and procedures of Chapter 1.25 ACC. This section shall not apply to properties that are the subject of a current rental business license issued pursuant to Chapter 5.22 ACC or are inhabited by the property owner part-time. B. In addition to registration, vacant properties shall be managed as follows: 1. The property must be kept free of code violations. 2. The structure and property must remain secure from unauthorized access. All doors and windows must be in place and remain locked. Broken doors and windows must be repaired or replaced consistent with all provisions of this title. December 3,2019 Page 4 of 5 Exhibit B—Ordinance No. 6744 3. The roof, flashing, rain gutters, and down spouts must be present and functional. 4. Exterior lighting, consistent with the requirements of this code, shall remain functional and shall be set on a timer to provide nighttime illumination. 5. Water service shall be disconnected. 6. All vegetation shall be maintained consistent with Auburn City Code. Additionally, shrubs, ground covers, vines, and trees must be kept trimmed and not encroach into the public right-of-way or onto other neighboring properties. 7. The exterior appearance of all structures shall be kept clean and in good condition, consistent with Section 304 of this code. Tarps are not allowed as a means of securing or screening damaged, degraded or moss covered roofs, doors, windows or walls, except as a temporary measure prior to a permanent repair or replacement. 8. Appropriate winterization measures shall be taken to ensure that the structure and property is not further degraded due to extended periods of cold and/or wet weather. 9. Gas, electrical, and plumbing fixtures shall be maintained in a condition that is safe and that avoids risk to public health and safety. 10. A notice shall be placed in a visible location on the property that indicates who the property is registered to and must include contact information for the responsible party. 11. The property must be registered with the city of Auburn police department trespass program. C. The provisions of this section can be applied retroactively. Vacant properties and structures existing on the date of adoption of this section are not vested. (Ord. 6615§ 1, 2016.) The Auburn City Code is current through Ordinance 6713, passed April 1, 2019. Disclaimer: The city clerk's office has the official version of the Auburn City Code. Users should contact the city clerk's office for ordinances passed subsequent to the ordinance cited above. 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'�° r sx d ;4 41rs .-M-a' �� S `.. h ,, R `,kn Rdl . 1 !,A1:111 ..!lIY National Healthy Housing Standard Table of Contents FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 USING THIS DOCUMENT 4 REQUIREMENTS AND STRETCH PROVISIONS 5 1.Duties of Owners and Occupants 5 1.1.Duties of Owners 5 1.2.Duties of Occupants 5 2.Structures,Facilities,Plumbing,and Space Requirements 6 2.1.Structure 6 2.2.Facilities 6 2.3.Plumbing System 6 2.4.Kitchen 7 25.Bathroom 7 2.6.Minimum Space 8 2.7.Floors and Floor Coverings 8 2.8.Noise 9 3.Safety and Personal Security 10 3.1.Egress; 10 3.2.Locks/Security 10 3.3.Smoke Alarm. 10 3.4.Fire Extinguisher. 11 3.5.Carbon Monoxide Alarm 11 3.6.Walking Surfaces 11 3.7.Guards. 12 3.8.Chemical Storage 12 3.9.Pools,Hot Tubs,and Other Water Features 12 4.Lighting and Electrical.Systems 13 4.1.Electrical System 13 4.2.Outlets 13 4.3.Natural Lighting 13 4.4.Artificial Lighting 13 5.Thermal Comfort,Ventilation,and Energy Efficiency 15 5.1,Heating,Ventilation,and Air Conditioning Systems 15 5.2.Heating System. 15 5.3.Ventilation 16 5.4.Air Sealing 16 6.Moisture Control,Solid Waste,and Pest Management 18 6.1.Moisture Prevention and Control 18 6.2.Solid Waste 19 6.3.Pest Management 19 7.Chemical and Radiological Agents 20 7.1.General Requirements 20 7.2.Lead-Based Paint. 20 7.3.Asbestos 20 7.4.Toxic Substances in Manufactured Building Materials 21 7.5.Radon. 21 7.6.Pesticides 21 7.7.Methamphetamine 21 7.8.Smoke in Multifamily Housing 21 National Healthy Housing Standard page iii DEFINITIONS 23 ANNOTATED STANDARD: REQUIREMENTS AND STRETCH PROVISIONS WITH RATIONALES,REFERENCES,AND RESOURCES 27 1.Duties of Owners and Occupants 27 1.1.Duties of Owners 27 1.2.Duties of Occupants. 27 2.Structures,Facilities,Plumbing,and Space Requirements 28 2.1.Structure 28 2.2.Facilities 28 2.3.Plumbing System 28 2.4.Kitchen 30 2.5.Bathroom 31 2.6.Minimum Space 32 2.7.Floors and Floor Coverings 33 2.8.Noise 34 3.Safety and Personal Security 35 3.1.Egress. 35 3.2.Locks/Security 35 3.3.Smoke Alarm. 36 3.4.Fire Extinguisher. 37 3.5.Carbon Monoxide Alarm 37 3.6.Walking Surfaces 38 3.7.Guards. 39 3.8.Chemical Storage 40 3.9.Pools,Hot Tubs,and Other Water Features 40 4.Lighting and Electrical Systems 42 4.1.Electrical System 42 4.2.Outlets 42 4.3.Natural Lighting 43 4.4.Artificial Lighting 43 5.Thermal Comfort,Ventilation,and Energy Efficiency 45 5.1.Heating,Ventilation,and Air Conditioning Systems. 45 5.2.Heating System. 45 5.3.Ventilation 47 5.4.Air Sealing 48 6.Moisture Control,Solid Waste,and Pest Management 50 6.1.Moisture Prevention and Control 50 6.2.Solid Waste 52 6.3.Pest Management 53 7.Chemical and Radiological Agents 55 7.1.General Requirements 55 7.2.Lead-Based Paint 55 7.3.Asbestos 56 7A.Toxic Substances in Manufactured Building Materials 57 7.5.Radon: 58 7.6.Pesticides 59 7.7.Methamphetamine 59 7.8.Smoke in Multifamily Housing 60 National Healthy Housing Standard page iv Foreword and Acknowledgments FOREWORD Housing is one of the best known and documented determinants of health.The affordability,location,and qualityof housing have all been independently linked to health.Poor quality housing and blighted neighborhoods diminish property values,increase crime,and erode the cohesiveness and political power of communities.Despite the critical role of housing in public health,attention to U.S.housing conditions remains incommensurate with its importance to our wellbeing.One illustration of this is the number of homes in substandard condition.Despite setting a national goal in Healthy People 2010 to reduce the number of units in substandard condition by 52 percent,we have made. no progress.There were 63 million units in substandard conditions in 2001;6.3 million units remain substandard in 2011 according to the most recent American Housing Survey. More than a century ago,growing concern about the toll of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis,typhoid, and dysentery in America spurred a national public health movement aimed at eradicating inadequate housing conditions.The effort yielded important housing improvements that dramatically curbed the outbreak of communicable diseases.In the decades that followed,the public health community became less involved with housing as separate governmental departments were established to develop and enforce housing and building codes.This separation of public health and housing has challenged the nation's ability to mount a successful campaign to improve the quality of housing and neighborhoods. We at the National Center for Healthy Housing(NCHH)and the American Public Health Association(APHA)have created this evidence-based National Healthy Housing Standard as a tool to reconnect the housing and public health sectors and as an evidence-based standard of care for those in the position of improving housing conditions.We have drawn from the latest and best thinking in the fields of environmental public health,safety,building science, engineering,and indoor environmental quality. Our focus in the National Healthy Housing Standard is the over 100 million existing homes in our country that offer the most significantopportunity to protect public health and reduce health disparities.Although new homes are typically safer and healthier,having been built to modern building standards,technologies and regulations,and to ever-changing consumer expectations,the new construction market remains a fraction of the overall housing stock in the country.In contrast,regulations and industry practices affecting existing owner-occupied and rental housing, thefocus ofthis document,have not kept pace with our knowledge about housing-related disease and prevention of disease and injury through routine maintenance. The consequences of not dealing with substandard housing are dire in both human wellbeing and cost: • About 20-30 percent of asthma cases are linked to home environmental conditions. • 21,000 lung cancer deaths result from radon in homes. • Over 24 million homes that have lead-based paint hazards put children at risk of the irreversible disease of childhood lead poisoning. • Home injuries are the leading causes of death for young children and put million adults over 65 in hospitals and nursing homes due to preventable falls. We can do better.We can make our homes smart,at least as smart as our phones.For example,carbon monoxide detectors can alert us to life threatening situations.Modern efficient ventilation systems can keep us comfortable, control humidity,and provide clean fresh air.More resilient homes can handle climate chaos,withstanding storms and wild swings intemperaturewith proper insulation,airsealing,structural integrity,and moisturecontrol and more. Grab bars,handrails,and ample lighting will help accommodate our aging population.These are the homes in which today's families want to live and grow old and that future generations deserve. We know that to bring about our vision of ensuring that all people live in safe and healthy homes,we will need to marshal political will and financial resources.Regulations are one important way to address unhealthy housing,but we can also achieve our vision by arming the private sector with the right information.In every community,property National Healthy Housing Standard page 1 owners,advocates,code officials,public health leaders,and others are positioned to recognize and coordinate their shared missions of keeping people safe and healthy in the places they live.We hope the Standard will inspire action and cross sector collaboration.Most of all,we hope through the implementation of this Standard we will save lives, shrink disparities,and ensure our nation's homes are the safe havens they were meant to be. Georges C.Benjamin,MD,FACP,Executive Director,American Public Health Association Thomas M.Vernon,MD,Chair,National Center for Healthy Housing;Chair,National Committee on Housing and Health May 16,2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS National Committee on Housing and Health: Meri-K Appy,BA,President,Appy and Associates,LLC Georges Benjamin,MD,FACP,Executive Director,American Public Health Association Gail Christopher,DN,PhD,Vice President for Programs,W.K.Kellogg Foundation Henry Cisneros,MURP,PhD,Chair,CityView Carlos Dora,MD,PhD,Coordinator of Interventions for Healthy Environments,World Health Organization Ruth A.Etzel,MD,PhD,FAAP,Professor of Epidemiology,University of Wisconsin Milwaukee David Fukuzawa,M.Div,MSA,Program Director for Health,The Kresge Foundation Lynn Goldman,MD,MPH,Dean,George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services Moises Loza,BA,Executive Director,Housing Assistance Council Nic Retsinas,MCP,Senior Lecturer in Real Estate,Harvard Business School Megan Sandel,MD,MPH,Pediatrician and Associate Professor,Boston University Medical Center Steve Thomas,Spokesperson,Habitat for Humanity Thomas M.Vernon,MD,Chair,National Center for Healthy Housing(Chair of the National Committee) Technical Review Work Group: Research and Academic Participants Terry Brennan,MS,Building Scientist,President,Camroden Associates Patrick Breysse,PhD,Director,Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Program,Center for Global Health, Johns Hopkins University David Ormandy,PhD,Principal Research Fellow,Institute of Health,University of Warwick(UK) Claudette Reichel,MS,Professor and Extension Housing Specialist,Louisiana State University William Rose,M.Arch,Research Architect,University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Megan Sandel,MD,MPH,Pediatrician and Associate Professor,Boston University Medical Center Richard Shaughnessy,PhD,Program Director,Indoor Air Quality Research,University of Tulsa Charles Treser,MPH,Senior Lecturer,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences School of Public Health, University of Washington State and Local Government Agency Participants Suzanne Condon,MSM,Associate Commissioner and Director,Bureau of Environmental Health,Massachusetts Department of Public Health Alan Johanns,MS,Program Manager,Environmental Services Department,City of San Diego James Krieger,MD,MPH,Chief,Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention Section,Public Health,Seattle and King County(Chair of the Work Group) Non-Governmental Organization Participants Paul Haan,BA,Executive Director,Healthy Homes Coalition of West Michigan Kevin Kennedy,MPH,Managing Director,Center for Environmental Health,Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics Beth McKee Huger,MSW,Executive Director,Greensboro Housing Coalition National Healthy Housing Standard page 2 Federal Agency Participants Peter Ashley,PhD,Director,Policy and Standards Division,Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control, U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development MaryJean Brown,ScD,Chief,Healthy Homes and Lead Poisoning Prevention Branch,U.S.Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention Greg Brunner,MS,Engineer,Indoor Environments Division,U.S.Environmental Protection Agency Karin Mack,PhD,Senior Behavioral Scientist,Injury Prevention Program,U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NCHH Staff: Jill Breysse,Project Manager Dave Jacobs,Research Director Jane.Malone,Policy Director Rebecca Morley,Executive Director Thebasis for this document is Housing and Health:Recommended Minimum Housing Standards,which was published in 1986 by the American Public Health Association and the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Support for the development of the Standard was provided under a grant agreement between The Kresge Foundation and the National Center for Healthy Housing.The contents of this report are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of The Kresge Foundation. Sections of the 2012 Model Codes(copyright 2011)are reproduced with the permission of the International Code Council,Washington,DC,www.ICCSAFE.orq,all rights reserved: • Sections 302.2,302.6,303.2,303.18.1,304.2,305.4,402.1,402.2,403.1,403.2,403.5,404.3,404.4.3,505.4, 602.2.2,602.2.3,603.2,603.3 of the 2012 International Property Maintenance Code. • Section 1210.2 of the 2012 International Building Code. • Sections 907.2.11.2,907.2.11.3 of the 2012 International Fire Code. • Sections 424.3,424.5,501.6,504.4,504.6 of the 2012 International Plumbing Code. • Sections E3901,E3902.1,M1901.1,P2713,P2708.3,P3009,R310.1,R310.2,R310.2.1,R311.7.5,R311.7.8, R312.1.1,R312.1.2,R312.1.3,R312.2.1 of the International Residential Code. National Healthy Housing Standard page 3 USING THIS DOCUMENT The Standard provides health-based provisions to fill gaps where no property maintenance policy exists and also a complement to the International Property Maintenance Code and other policies already in use by local and state governments and federal agencies for the upkeep of existing homes,The Standard bridges the health and building code communities by putting modern public health information into housing code parlance.The Standard iswritten in code language to ease its adoption,although we anticipate that states,localities,and other users will tailor it to local conditions. The Standard consists of seven chapters and a section of definitions.The annotated version of the Standard explains the public health rationale for each provision,and provides references and resources for more information. Individually and together,the Standard constitutes minimum performance standards for a safe and healthy home. In developing the Standard we found a variety of provisions that could be added to further enhance the health and safety of the home,but that would be difficult to achieve during property maintenance due to cost or feasibility.We have included those provisions as"stretch"measures for users who want to go above the minimum requirements or who can integrate compliance with the provisions during property renovation.We encourage the adoption of the stretch provisions wherever feasible. June 2018 Update Since the development and release of the Standard,NCHH,APHA,and other partners have developed companion tools and resources to help communities use the Standard to assess and improve their housing codes: • NCHH completed comparisons of local code to the Standard with customized recommendations for improvement in 25 communities.At least two communities have incorporated all or part of the Standard's provisions into their local codes.On October 5,2015,the Tukwila(WA)City Council adopted Ordinance No.2481,which incorporates the Standard within their local property maintenance code. On September 8,2015,Dallas code officials,with the support of a coalition of local health and housing providers and NCHH,presented plans to the Housing Committee of the Dallas City Council to update the local property code.The proposed changes included adoption of provisions in the Standard addressing pests,moisture,and excessive temperatures.In September 2016,the city council voted 12-1 to overhaul the city's housing standards and require code inspections of all rental homes. • In 2015,NeighborWorks America funded NCHH to develop an implementation tool,which is intended to help with voluntary adoption of the Standard.In 2014-2015,NeighborWorks and NCHH considered the applicability of the Standard for NeighborWorks organizations.NCHH talked to developers,managers, and maintenance staff of large-scale multifamily buildings,scattered-site developments,and those who work primarily in single-family housing programs.Their insights were the basis for the creation of the implementation tool,which NCHH views not only as a maintenance standard but also as a living document that highlights positive actions developers can take,regardless of their housing stock or the stage of the development process.The implementation tool presents the Standard in abbreviated form to facilitate identification of actions most relevant for different user groups. • NCHH developed an online tool that enables communities to compare their current housing/property maintenance code to the Standard.To complete the online self-assessment,communities are guided through a set of questions to help them rate their local codes against each of the Standard's provisions. Embedded tips assistcommunities in locating relevantcodes and understanding howto make a comparison. The tool consists of flexible modules so that a community only interested in pest management can focus their efforts on rating and receiving recommendations from relevant provisions.After completing each module,communities receive a customized report with recommendations for improving their local codes. Through the Standard and companion resources(available at nchh.org/tools-and-data/housing-code-tools/), NCHH and APHA continue their work to empower and equip communities to improve health by improving housing quality.The National Healthy Housing Standard is an evidence-based tool that continues to inspire action and cross-sector collaboration to improve housing conditions. National Healthy Housing Standard page 4 Requirements and Stretch Provisions 1. DUTIES OF OWNERS AND OCCUPANTS 1.1. Duties of Owners. The owner has the duty to ensure that the structure,dwelling,dwelling unit,common areas,and premises are maintained in a safe and healthy condition,in compliance with this Standard and other applicable requirements. 1.1.1.The owner shall ensurethe collection oftrash and recyclables and provide and maintain trash containers, bulk storage containers,recycling containers,and areas where the containers are stored. 1.1.2.The owner shall maintain the building and premises to keep pests from entering the building and dwelling units;inspect and monitorfor pests,and eliminate pest infestation in accordance with integrated pest management methods. 1.1.3.The owner shall provide occupants with at least 48 hours written notice of the planned use of a chemical agent such as a pesticide or herbicide,the date and location of application,and a copy of the warning label. 1.1.4.The owner shall not cause or allow any water,sewage/electrical,or gas service,facility,or equipment required for safe and healthy occupancy to be removed,shut off,or discontinued for any occupied dwelling, except for such temporary interruption as may be necessary while repairs or alterations are being performed, or during temporary emergencies requiring discontinuance of service.This provision does not applywhere the occupant has contractual control overthe service and shall not be interpreted as preventing a utility company from discontinuing service for reasons allowed by law. 1.1.5.The owner shall investigate occupant reports of unsafe or unhealthy conditions,respond in writing,and make needed repairs in a timely manner. 1.2. Duties of Occupants. Theoccupantshall properly use and operatethedwelling unit and owner-supplied fixturesandfacilitiescontrolled by the occupant in order to maintain a safe and healthy environment within the dwelling unit,and report unsafe or unhealthyconditions,including breakdowns,leaks,and other problems requiring repairtotheownerin a timely manner. 1.2.1.The occupant shall place trash and recyclables in the appropriate containers. 1.2.2.The occupant shall work with the owner to ensure pest-free conditions in accordance with integrated pest management. 1.2.3.If the occupant's action leads to pooling of water or another excessive moisture problem inside the dwelling unit,the occupant shall clean up and dry out the area in a timely manner. National Healthy Housing Standard page 5 2. STRUCTURE, FACILITIES, PLUMBING, AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS 2.1. Structure. Every foundation,roof,floor,exterior and interior wall,ceiling,inside and outside stair,porch,trim,accessory structure,fence,door,window,and window glass shall be safe to use and capable of supporting the intended design loads and load effects and shall be in good condition. 2:2. Facilities. Every plumbing fixture and pipe,chimney,flue,smoke pipe,and every other facility,piece of equipment,or utility shall be installed in conformance with applicable statutes,ordinances,and regulations. 2.2.1.Mechanical,utility,and heating equipment shall be separated from habitable rooms.In multifamily buildings,equipment rooms shall be locked. 2.3. Plumbing System. Every plumbing fixture,stack,vent,water,waste,and sewer pipe shall be properly installed,maintained in a safe and functional order,and kept free from obstructions,leaks,and defects. 2.3.1.An approved potable water supply system shall provide an adequate amount of running water under pressure to all fixtures simultaneously. 232.An adequate supplyof heated running water under pressure shall be supplied to sinks,bathtubs,showers, and laundry facilities.Water heaters shall be set at a minimum temperature of 110°F(43°C).At bathtub faucets and shower heads,the maximum temperature shall be 120°F(49°C).Heated water shall be provided by either a tank-type or tankless water heater.A tank-type water heater shall have a temperature/pressure relief valve that discharges to a drip pan,storagetank,orthe outside.The temperature of water discharged from a tankless water heater shall not exceed 140°F(60°C). 2.3.3.Every waste pipe shall be connected to a public sewer system,an approved private sewage disposal system,orthe dwelling's graywater system.No toilet waste pipe shall be connected to a g raywater system.The drainage system shall have a cleanout. 23.4.Faucet discharge points shall be located abovethe overflow rim ofsinks,tubs,orotherfixturesthat collect water. 0 Stretch Provisions: • Bathtub and shower faucets shall have anti-scald devices,such as an automatic temperature control mixing valve,water temperature limiting device,or temperature-actuated flow reduction valve. • Each dwelling unit in multifamily housing shall have a separate meter for water supplied to the unit. • Multifamily housing with one or more central water heaters shall comply with ASHRAE Standard188P to assess and manage the risks associated with Legionella in building water systems. • A private water supply shall be tested annually to ensure that water does not have biological or chemical contaminants. • If there is a suspected risk of excessive lead in drinking water supplied bya public water utility,the water shall be tested.The risk factors shall include,but are not limited to,presence of an occupant with a blood lead level of five micrograms per deciliter or more,pipes made of lead or leaded brass,test results indicating that the lead level in the public water supply exceeds federal limits,and plumbing repair work that has disturbed water supply components(such as faucets,valves,pipes,meters,pressure regulators,backflow preventers, lead-soldered joints,or service lines).If the lead level in the water sample exceeds 15 parts per billion,there shall bean investigation ofthe possible sources(s)todeterminethe appropriatecourseofaction.lfwarranted, lead and brass-containing components shall be replaced. National Healthy Housing Standard page 6 2.4.Kitchen. Every dwelling unit shall have a kitchen equipped with the following: 2.4.1.A kitchen sink in good working condition that is properly connected to heated and unheated water supplies and waste pipes.Any provided dishwasher and components of the sink,including disposal and water filtration devices,shall be in good working condition and properly connected. 2.4.2.A counter for food preparation and cabinets and/or shelves sufficient to store occupants'food that does not require refrigeration and eating,drinking,and food preparation equipment.Cabinetsshall havetight-fitting doors and no gaps between any surfaces.The counter,countertop edges,cabinets,and shelves shall be of sound construction and furnished with surfaces that are impervious to water,smooth,and cleanable. 2.4.3.A rangefor cooking food.The range shall be properly installed with all necessary connections for safe and efficient operation and shall be maintained in good working condition. 2.4.3.1.The range shall include an oven unless both a separate oven,other than a microwave oven,and a cooktop are provided.A hot plate is not an acceptable substitute for burners on a range or cooktop.The range or cooktop shall have a vertical clearance of not less than 30 inches(762 mm)from above its surface to unprotected combustible material.Reduced clearances are permitted in accordance with the listing and labeling of the range hood. 2.4.3.2.Ventilation for the range shall be provided in accordance with Subsection 5.3. 2.4.4.A refrigerator with a freezer.The refrigerator shall be in good working condition,of sufficient size to store occupants'food that requires refrigeration,and capable of maintaining a temperature less than 41°F(6°C)but more than 32°F(0°C).The freezer section shall be capable of maintaining a temperature below 0°F(-18°C). 2.4.4.1.If the lease does not provide for a refrigerator,adequate connections for the occupant's installation and operation of a refrigerator shall be provided. 2.4.5.A kitchen floor in good condition with a sealed,water-resistant,nonabsorbent,and cleanable surface. e Stretch Provisions: o Cabinets and countertops shall be constructed of materials that are rated No-Added Formaldehyde(NAF)or Ultra-Low-Emitting Formaldehyde Resins(ULEF). o Wall surfaces immediately adjacent to the range,sink,and counter shall be covered with an imperviousfinish. o The joints where a wall meets a cabinet or counter,and where a counter meets a stove or sink,shall be sealed or covered to permit thorough cleaning and deter pests. o Enclosed cabinets(as opposed to a combination of shelves and cabinets)sufficient to store occupants'food that does not require refrigeration shall be provided. • Freestanding stoves shall have brackets to prevent tip-over. 2.5. Bathroom. Every dwelling unit shall have a private bathroom equipped with the following: 2.5.1.A toilet in good working condition that is sealed to the waste pipe and affixed to the floor and properly connected to both the dwelling's water supply and a waste pipe leading to an approved sewage system or private waste disposal system. 2.5.2.A sink in good working condition,with a stable connection tothe wall or secure attachment to thefloorthat is properly connected tothe heated and unheated potable water supply and a sealed trap leading to a waste pipe. National Healthy Housing Standard page 7 2.5.3.A bathtub or shower in good working condition that is properly connected to the heated and unheated potable water supply and a waste pipe.The bottoms of bathtubs and shower floors shall have permanent or removable nonslip surfaces. 2.5.4.Cleanable nonabsorbent water-resistant material on floor surfaces and extending on bathroom walls at least 48 inches(122 cm)above a bathtub and 72 inches(183 cm)above the floor of a shower stall.Such materials on walls and floors shall form a watertight joint with each other and with the bathtub or shower. 2.5.5.Ventilation for the bathroom provided in accordance with Subsection 53. e Stretch Provisions: • Grab bars shall be firmly anchored to the wall adjacentto each bathtub,shower,and toilet in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act Design Guidelines. • Tub and shower enclosures composed of tile or panel assemblies with caulked joints shall be installed over moisture-resistant backing material,such as cement board.Paper-faced wallboard shall not be used behind such tub and shower enclosures.Monolithic tub and shower enclosures(e.g.,fiberglass with no seams)are exempt from these limitations unless required by the manufacturer. 2.6. Minimum Space. The dwelling shall provide privacy and adequate space for sleeping and living. 2.6.1.A bedroom shall not be the only passagewayto the only bathroom in a dwelling unit with more than one bedroom. 2.6.2.A bathroom or toilet room shall not be the only passagewayto any habitable room,hall,basement,or the exterior of the dwelling. 2.6.3.Every habitable room shall have a minimum floor area of 70 ft2(6.5 m2). 2.6.4.Every dwelling shall have closet space or other storage space to store occupants'clothing and personal belongings. 2.6.5.The ceiling height of any habitable room shall be at least 84 inches(213 cm).In a habitable room with a sloping ceiling,at least one-half of the floor area shall have a ceiling height of at least 84 inches(213 cm).If any part of a room has a ceiling height lower than 60 inches(152 cm),its floor area shall not be considered in computing the floor area of the room. 2.6.6.A habitable room located partlyortotally below grade shall be provided with natural light by windows in accordance with Subsection 4:3,and ventilation in accordance with Subsection 5.3.In such a room,the ceiling and any ducts,pipes,and other obstructions shall be at least 84 inches(213 cm)above the floor throughout the room,and walls and floors shall be waterproof and free of dampness. 2.7. Floors and Floor Coverings. Floors and floor coverings shall beattached at each threshold,maintained in safe and healthy condition,capableof being cleaned,and free of bulges and buckling.Carpets shall have no tears,folds,or bumps. Stretch Provisions: • Floor coverings shall consist of low-pile carpet or nonabsorbent material such as hardwood,tile,or resilient flooring.Carpet and other floor coverings shall be certified as having low volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions,and any adhesives,padding,or other materials used in installing the floor covering shall be certified as having no VOCs or low VOC emissions,and having no perfluorocarbons or halogenated flame retardants. • Walk-off entry mats shall be provided inside or outside each entryway that leads to the outdoors. National Healthy Housing Standard page 8 2.8. Noise. The structure and facilities shall be maintained so that the noise level in theinterior of the dwelling unit caused by exterior sources is below 45 dB Ldn(day-night equivalent sound level). 0 Stretch Provisions: o Nighttime noise levels within bedrooms shall not exceed 30 dB LAen measured over eight hours. • HVAC equipment,including intermittent ventilation fans,shall operate at a noise level that creates no more than 45 dB Ldp,in habitable rooms. o Wall and ceiling assemblies shall meet performance standards to attenuate exterior sound reaching occupants or be constructed using materials with sound-dampening acoustical properties. o Roofmaterial,chimneybaffles,exteriordoors,mailslots,atticventilationports,wall-mounted airconditioners, and other building components that have the potential to admit excessive noise shall be configured to minimize sound intrusion. • Windows shall be sealed,made weathertight,and caulked to minimize sound intrusion when closed. National Healthy Housing Standard page 9 3. SAFETY AND PERSONAL SECURITY 3.1. Egress. In accordance with local fire codes,everydwelling unit shall have at leasttwo meansofegressthatserve as emergency escapes and rescue openings.Each egress shall lead outside without passing through another dwelling unit. 3.1.1.Egress routes shall be unobstructed.Doors along egress routes shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or tool. 3.1.2.Any bedroom located below the fourth floor shall be provided with an exterior window openable from the inside that can be used as a means of emergency egress. 3.1.3.If a habitable room partly or totally below grade is intended for sleeping purposes,at least one exterior window shall be openable from the inside and accessible for easy and ready use as an emergency exit.The window shall have the following minimum dimensions:a net clear opening of 5.7 ft2(0.53 m2);24 inches(61 cm)from the top of the sill to the bottom of head of the window frame;a width of 20 inches(51 cm);and a sill height of not more than 44 inches(112 cm)from the floor. 3.1.3.1.If the window opening sill height is below ground elevation,the horizontal dimension(width times projection)of the window well shall be at least nine ftz(0.84 m2)and the horizontal projection shall extend at least 36 inches(91 cm)from the exterior side of the window. 3.1.3.2.If the egress window well is deeper than 44 inches(112 cm)below ground elevation,there shall be steps or a ladder permanently attached to serve as an emergency exit to ground elevation.The distance between steps or rungs shall be 18 inches(46 cm),their width shall be at least 12 inches(31 cm),and their projection from the wall shall be between three and six inches(7.6 and 15 cm). 3.1.3.3.A door leading directly from the room to the outside that provides an exit at grade level shall fulfill this requirement. 3.2. Locks/Security. Means of egress(i.e.,windows and/or doors)from dwellings shall have locks. 3.2.1.Following each change in tenancy,the locking devices on the dwelling unitentry doors shall be changed. 3.2.2.Dwelling unit entry doors shall be equipped with a dead bolt lock with a minimum throw of one inch (2.54 cm)and that is capable of being opened from the interior side without a key and a device that permits the occupant to see a person at the entry door without fully opening the door. 3.2.3.Exterior doors on multifamily buildings with a common entry that leads into a foyer or hallway shall have a self-closing mechanism and shall be equipped with a locking device capable of being opened from the interior side without a key. 3.2.4.Exterior windows that are capable of being opened and are potential means of entry shall be equipped with a lock on the interior side. 3.3. Smoke Alarm. Every dwelling unit shall have a functioning smoke alarm located on the ceiling outside each sleeping area in the immediate vicinity ofthe bedrooms,in each additional room used forsleeping purposes,and on every level except crawlspaces and uninhabitable attics.In dwellings or dwelling units with split levels that have no door between adjacent levels,the smoke alarm installed on the upper level shall suffice forthe adjacent lower level.In the event a smoke alarm sounds,the cause of the alarm condition shall be identified and corrected. 3.3.1.In multifamily housing,a tamper-proof smoke detection system(interconnected with a central fire alarm system)or stand-alone smoke alarms in good working condition shall be installed on each level including basements,in heating system and storage rooms,in garages,and in other common areas. National Healthy Housing Standard page 10 3.3.2.Battery-operated smoke alarms and the battery backup for hardwired smoke alarms shall be powered with long-lasting batteries. 3.3.3.Alternative visual notification shall be provided for hearing-impaired occupants. 0 Stretch Provisions: • Smoke alarms shall be hardwired with battery backup. • Smoke alarm batteries shall be sealed-in and tamper-proof. • Multiple smoke detection stations shall be interconnected. • Every dwelling unit shall have both a photoelectric smoke alarm and an ionization smoke alarm. 3.4. Fire Extinguisher. Fire extinguishers shall be rated Class ABC and shall be readily accessible. 3.4.1.Each dwelling unit shall have at least one 10-pound fire extinguisher in good working condition in or near the kitchen. 3.4.2.In multifamily housing,there shall be fire extinguishers in common areas on each floor and in areas whereflammableorcombustible liquidsare stored,used,ordispensed.The fire extinguishers shall be located in conspicuous,unobstructed locations that are not obscured from view. 0 Stretch Provision: • The dwelling shall have an automatic fire sprinkler system that complies with the applicable locally adopted fire code.If the local fire code has no sprinkler requirement or if no local fire code exists,the installed automatic fire sprinkler system shall comply with either the International Fire Code®or the National Fire Protection Association Standard 1. 3.5. Carbon Monoxide Alarm. Every dwelling unit shall have at least one functioning carbon monoxide(CO)alarm on every habitable floor and outside each separate sleeping area,in the immediate vicinity of every bedroom.In the event a CO alarm sounds, the cause of the alarm condition shall be identified and corrected. 3.5.1.Battery-operated COalarms shall be powered with long-lasting batteries.Hardwired CO alarms shall have long-lasting battery backup. 3.5.2.Alternative visual notification shall be provided for hearing-impaired occupants. Stretch Provisions: o CO alarms and combination smoke/CO alarms shall include voice notification. • If a combination ionization sensor smoke/CO alarm is used,a second smoke alarm utilizing photoelectric smoke sensors shall be installed. • CO alarm batteries shall be sealed-in and tamper-proof. • CO present at or above 30 ppm(35 mg/m3)when measured over one hour,or above nine ppm(10.5 mg/m3) measured over eight hours,shall be deemed hazardous.The cause of a hazardous indoor CO level shall be investigated to identify and eliminate its source. 3.6. Walking Surfaces.. Every interiorand exteriorstairway,ramp,deck,porch,and balcony shall be maintained structurallysound,in good repair,properly anchored,and capable of supporting the imposed loads. 3.6.1.Treads on exterior stairways shall have nonskid surfaces. National Healthy Housing Standard page 11 3.6.2.Every interior and exterior stairway with four or more risers shall have at least one structurally sound continuous handrail installed not less than 34 inches(86.7 cm)and not more than 38 inches(96:5 cm), measured vertically from above the nose of the tread.The handrail shall be firmly fastened,capable of supporting a load of 300 pounds,and in good condition.If a side of a stairway is open to the floor or grade below,and the handrail provides the guard required by Subsection 37,the rail shall be supported by balusters 34 to 38 inches(86.7 to 96.5 cm)in height,measured vertically from the nose of the tread. 0 Stretch Provisions: • Every interior and exterior stairway shall have uniform risers and treads.Risers shall be no higher than 73/4 inches(19.6 cm)and treads shall be at least 10 inches(25.4 cm)deep,unless the existing space and construction do not allow a reduction in pitch or slope. • Interior and exterior stairways shall have handrails on both sides.Railings shall have a graspable perimeter measuring four to six inches(10-16 cm),and if noncircular in shape,shall have no sharp corners and a width no smaller than five-eighths inch(1.5 cm). 3.7. Guards. 3.7.1.Every stairway,porch,pato,landing,and/or balcony located morethan30 inches(76.2 cm)above an adjacent area shall have a structurally sound guard between 30 inches(76.2 cm)and 42 inches(107 cm)high,measured verticaIlyfromthefloor.Theguard shall befirmlyfastened,capableofsupporting normally imposed loads,capable of being opened in case of emer9ency,and in good condition.Balusters with a minimum thickness of one-half inch(13 mm)shall be placed at intervals that do not allow passage of a sphere greaterthan four(10.2 cm)inches in diameter..There shall be no climbable cross pieces.If the balusters do not reach the floor,the narrowest opening between the bottom of the stair guard and the floor shall be a maximum of four inches(10.2 cm). 3.7.2.Ifthe vertical distancefrom thetop ofthe sill ofan exterior window opening tothefinished grade orothersurface below isgreaterthan 72 inches(183 cm),and the vertical distance from thetopofthe silltothefloorofthe room is less than 36 inches(915 cm),the window shall have a fall prevention device compliant with ASTM F2006 or ASTM F2090. 3.7.2.1.The fall prevention device for a window that provides access to a fire escape or is otherwise designated for emergency egress shall be compliant with ASTM F2090. 3.8. Chemical Storage., 3.8.1.Each dwelling unit shall have a cabinet or other storage space that is lockable or not readily accessible to children for the storage of medicine and household chemical agents. 3.8.2.Storage space for flammable and combustible liquids shall be available either in a building separate from the dwelling's habitable space or in an adjacent space that is not connected to the dwelling's ventilation system. 3.9. Pools,Hot Tubs,and Other Water Features. 3.9.1.Swimming pools,hot tubs,spas(except a residential spa or hot tub with a safety cover complying with ASTM F 1346-91),ornamental ponds,and other water features that hold water more than 24 inches(61 cm) in depth shall be completely surrounded by a fence or barrier at least 48 inches(122 cm)in height above the finished ground level that is accessible only through a self-closing and self-latching gate.The gate's latch shall be located 54 inches(137 cm)above the bottom of the gate on the interior side of the gate facing the water feature.The fence and gate shall not have climbable crosspieces. 3.9.2.All pools and spas shall have anti-entrapment drain covers compliant with ANSI/ASME A112.19.8,ANSI/ APSP 16-2011,or any successor standard,on every suction outlet. 3.9.3.Pool drains and drain covers shall be clearly visible and in good repair.Where there is a single main drain (other than an unblockable drain),a second anti-entrapment system shall be installed. 3.9.4.Luminaries,receptacles,and other outlets shall have ground fault circuit interrupter(GFCI)protection. National Healthy Housing Standard page 12 4. LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 4.1..,Electrical System. Every dwelling unit shall have electric service,outlets,and fixtures that are grounded and installed properly, maintained in good and safe working condition,and connected to a source of electric power. 4.1.1.Everydwelling unit shall be supplied with athree-wire,120/240-volt;single-phase electrical servicethat is not shared with another dwelling unit. 4.1.2.Temporary wiring or extension cords shall not be used as permanent wiring. 0 Stretch Provision: • The electrical service shall have a rating of not less than 100 amperes. 4.2. Outlets. Every habitable room shall have at least two separate and remote grounded duplex electric receptacle outlets. 4.2.1.Each kitchen and each room containing a toilet,sink,bathtub,or shower stall shall have at least one grounded duplex electric receptacle outlet protected by a ground-fault circuit interrupter(GFCI). 4.2.2.Receptacle outlets in garages,crawl spaces,unfinished basements,and outdoors shall be protected byGFCls. 0 Stretch Provisions: • Habitable rooms shall have sufficient electric receptacle outlets so that no location on a wall is more than six feet from an outlet. • Every countertop space 12 inches(305 mm)or wider shall have a grounded duplex electric convenience receptacle outlet protected by a GFCI.No section of counter shall be more than 24 inches(610 mm) measured horizontally from an outlet. • Receptacle outlets in habitable rooms that are not protected by GFCIs shall be protected by arc-fault circuit interrupters(AFCIs). 4.3. Natural Lighting. Every habitable room shall receive daylight from at least one exterior window or skylight. 4.3.1.If a habitable room receives daylight from an adjacent room or area used seasonally,such as a porch,the daylight through this interconnection shall be available year-round. 4.3.2.Every bathroom and kitchen shall complywith the daylight requirementfor habitable rooms contained in this section,unless the room is equipped with a ventilation system consistent with Subsection 53. 4.4. Artificial Lighting. Each room containing a toilet,sink,bathtub,or shower stall shall contain at least one ceiling-or wall-type electric lighting fixture.Each non-habitable room,including laundry rooms,furnace rooms,and public halls,shall contain at least one ceiling-or wall-type electric lighting fixture. 4.4.1.Light switches that control ceiling-or wall-type electric light fixtures shall be located conveniently for safe use. 4.4.2.Every public hall,exterior entry door,and stairway in multifamily housing shall be illuminated at all times byceiling-or wall-type electric lighting fixtures providing 800 lumensforevery 200 ft2(18.6 m2)offloor area.The distance between light fixtures shall not be greater than 30 feet(762 cm). National Healthy Housing Standard page 13 4.4.3.In a building containing one or two dwelling units,every public hall,exterior entry door,and stairway shall be illuminated by ceiling-or wall-type electric lighting fixtures providing 800 lumens for every 200 ft2 (18.6 m2)of floor area that is controlled by a three-way switch or a motion-activated device. Stretch Provisions: • Polychlorinated-biphenyl(PCB)-containing lighting ballasts(e.g.,older pre-1978T-12 lighting ballasts)shall be removed,replaced with lighting fixtures that do not contain PCBs,and disposed of in accordance with applicable state and federal regulations. • The lighting fixtures in public halls,stairways,and entries shall provide 1600 lumens for every 200 ft2(18.6 m2) of floor area. • The parking areas and walkways of multifamily housing shall be illuminated by outdoor lighting devices suitable for the premises. National Healthy Housing Standard page 14 5. THERMAL COMFORT, VENTILATION, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY 5.1. Heating,Ventilation,and Air Conditioning Systems. Facilitiesfor heating,cooling,ventilation,and humiditycontrol shall be maintained in good working condition and operated when necessaryforthe health and comfort ofthe occupants and in accordance with the design capacity ofthe installed equipment.Within48 hours afterequipmenthas become inoperativeduetoa mechanical problem or power failure otherthan a utility outage,an alternative safe source of necessary heating,ventilating,or cooling shall be provided. 5.2. Heating System. Except in Climate Zone 1,every dwelling shall have a properly installed heating system in good and safe working condition that is capable of safely and adequately heating all habitable rooms,bathrooms,and toilet rooms.The heating system,filtration components,distribution components,heating elements,and cooling elements(if provided),shall be sealed,cleaned,maintained,and operated in accordance with manufacturer specifications and shall be inspected and serviced annuallybya licensed heating,ventilation,and airconditioning systems contractor. 5.2.1.Venting and Air Supply for Heating Equipment.Furnaces,water heaters,wood stoves,and other devices that employ combustion-burning fuel shall be vented to the outside of the structure in an approved mannerthat meets manufacturerspecifications and is in compliance with applicable codes and standards(e.g., ANSI 223.1/NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code,NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, NFPA 211 Standard for Chimneys,Fireplaces,Vents,and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances)and shall be supplied with sufficient air to support the continuous complete combustion of fuel and prevent backdrafting. 5.2.2.Minimum Heat Temperature.The heating system shall be capable of maintaining a minimum room temperature of 68°F(20°C)in every habitable room,bathroom,and toilet room. 5.2.3.Heating Supply.If the dwelling unit is rented,leased,or let on terms either expressed or implied that heat will be supplied,heat shall be provided to maintain a minimum temperature of 68°F(20°C)in habitable rooms,bathrooms,and toilet rooms;and at no time during the heating season shall the system allow the temperature to exceed 78°F(25°C)in any room. 5.2.4.Forced-Air Systems.Any dwelling with a forced-air system shall have at least one thermostat within each dwelling unit capable of controlling the heating system,and cooling system if provided,to maintain temperature set point between 55°F(13°C)and 85°F(29°C)at different times ofthe day.The system shall have a clean air filter installed in accordance with manufacturer specifications at each change in tenancy and at least annually.This filter shall have a minimum efficiency reporting value of eight(MERV-8)unless thesystem is not equipped to use a MERV-8 filter. 5.2.5.Steam and Hot Water.Systems.In dwellings with heating equipment utilizing steam or hot water with a temperature of 110°F(43°C)or greater,protective covers/barriers shall be installed on and maintained for exposed surfaces of baseboard units,radiators,and piping between radiators. 5.2.6.Wood Stoves.A wood stove manufactured after June,1988 shall have a manufacturer's label certifying compliance with the emission standard at 40 C.F.R.§60 part AAA.Clearance of 30 inches(76 cm)shall be maintained between combustible materials and a stove with no heat shield.Where a heat shield is present,the clearance between combustible materials and the stove shall be compliant with manufacturer specification for the heat shield. 0 Stretch Provisions: • Any new combustion heating equipment installed in occupied orconditioned spaces shall be power-vented or sealed(direct-vented)combustion equipment. • The heating system shall be controlled by a programmable thermostat to avoid temperature extremes. National Healthy Housing Standard page 15 • The dwelling shall have provisions to maintain the indoor temperature below a maximum of 85°F(29°C) through the use of mechanical air conditioning,ventilation systems,or passive design features. • Air filters shall be replaced at least every three months. 53. Ventilation. Natural or mechanical ventilation,or a combination of the two,shall deliver fresh air to every habitable room and bathroom and be capable of removing moisture-laden air and other contaminants generated during cooking, bathing,and showering. 5.3.1.Every dwelling shall have a ventilation system compliant with ASHRAE Standard 62.2(Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings)or ASHRAE 62.1 (Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality)as applicable to the dwelling. 5.3.2.The air exhausted from a bathroom,toilet room,kitchen,clothes dryer,or basement shall not be vented into any other parts ofthe building's habitable space or an attic;such air shall discharge directly to the outdoors but not near any intake on the building exterior. 5.3.2.1.The exhaust vent from a clothes dryer shall consist of a rigid or corrugated semi-rigid metal duct. 5.3.3.Pipes,ducts,conductors,fans,and blowers shall not discharge gases,steam,vapor,hot air,grease,smoke, odors,or other gaseous or particulate wastes directly upon abutting or adjacent public or private property or that of another occupant.Vent pipe openings and any pest-proofing screens that cover them shall be maintained free of debris. 5.3.4.Basement air shall not be used as supply air for an air handling system. @' Stretch Provision: ▪ HVAC equipment shall have the capacity to maintain indoor relative humidity(RH)at or below 60 percent. 5.4. Air Sealing; Openings into dwellings and dwelling units shall be sealed to limit uncontrolled air movement. 5.4.1.Exterior doors,windows and skylights,openings where siding and chimneys meet,utility penetrations, electrical outlets,and other openings shall be weathertight. 5.4.1.1.Pads,door sweeps,weather stripping,and seals shall be used and maintained to minimize air leaks. 5.4.2.Openings separating an attached garage from a habitable room,including doors,ceilings,floors,and utility and ductwork penetrations,shall be sealed. 5.4.2.1.Any doorway between a habitable room and a garage shall be equipped with a wood door not less than 13/8 inches(35 mm)in thickness,a solid or honeycomb core steel door not less than 13/8 inches(35 mm) thick,ora 20-minute fire-rated door.The door shall have an automatic closing mechanism and be sealed with weather stripping. 5.4.2.2.There shall be no door,window,or other opening from a garage into a room used for sleeping purposes. 5.4.3.Heating and air conditioning system ductwork and air handling units located in an attached garage shall be correctly insulated and sealed. 5.4.3.1.There shall be no supply or return vent openings in a garage that connect to air handlers serving habitable spaces. 5.4.4.In a multifamily building,walls,ceilings,and floors that separate a dwelling unit from neighboring units, corridors,chases,stairwells,and other openings shall be sealed. National Healthy Housing Standard page 16 e Stretch Provision: Air handling equipment and associated ductwork shall be relocated from a garage to an area within the conditioned space. National Healthy Housing Standard page 17 6. MOISTURE CONTROL, SOLID WASTE, AND PEST MANAGEMENT 6.1. Moisture.Prevention and Control. Every foundation,roof,roofing component,exterior wall,door,skylight,and window shall be watertight, weathertight,free of persistent dampness or moisture,and in good condition. 6.1.1.The building's drainage system,such as footing or foundation drains,gutters,downspouts,rainwater collection containers,or other elements,shall direct water away from the structure. 6.1.2.Exterior wood surfaces shall be protected from the elements and decay by paint or other protective treatment.Weep holes in brickwork shall be left open. 6.1.3.Premises shall be graded and maintained to prevent the erosion of soil and to prevent the accumulation of water on the premises,within a crawlspace,or within the structure. 6.1.4.Interior and exterior surfaces and surface coverings,such as but not limited to carpet,wood,cellulose insulation,and paper,paint,and other wall coverings,including paper-faced gypsum board,shall have no signs of visible mold growth or chronic or persistent excessive dampness or moisture. 6.1.5.Building material that is discolored or deteriorated by mold or mildew or causes a moldy or earthy odor shall be cleaned,dried,and repaired.Structurally unsound material shall be removed and replaced. 6.1.5.1.Removal and repair of moldy material shall be conducted in accordance with New York City's GuidelinesonAssessmentandRemediationofFungi in IndoorEnvironments,thel nstituteofl nspection,Cleaning, and RestorationCertification'slICRCS520Standardand ReferenceGuideforProfessionalMold Remediation,orthe EPA guidelines for Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. 6.1.6.The underlying cause of excessive dampness or moisture,or moldy or earthy odor shall be investigated and corrected. 6.1.7.Cold HVAC and plumbing components and systems(e.g.,chilled-water pipes and valves,refrigerant piping,and valves)in readily accessible locations shall be sufficiently and continuously insulated to keep the temperature of their surfaces at least 10°F(4°C)above the dew point of the surrounding air. 6.1.8.Unless the crawl space is sealed and insulated from the outdoors,the crawl space shall be free of high- moisture conditions or be separated from the dwelling by an air seal or other method suitable to the climate and conditions. e Stretch Provisions: • Exteriorweather-resistantbarriersystemsshallbeusedtoreducepotentialforwaterleaksandmoistureintrusion. • Water/mold-resistant materials shall be used on bathroom walls and floors,showers,and other areas of the home that are likely to be exposed to moisture. • In warm-humid and mixed-humid climates: - Exterior wall insulations shall not include a vapor barrier/retarder material on the interior side(such as plastic sheeting or foil facing),with the exception of closed-cell foam insulation(spray or rigid),kraft-faced insulation,and seasonally adjusting membranes. -There shall be no vinyl wallpaper or other impermeable interior finish on the interior surface of exterior walls within an air-conditioned dwelling. - Exterior drainable rigid insulation systems shall be used to reduce wall assembly condensation risk. • The building and its systems shall meet the following moisture management criteria: - When the building is being mechanically cooled,ventilation air shall be dried to a dew point value below the building's dew point. - Condensation inside HVAC components and air distribution ductwork shall be drained to an appropriate sanitary drain or condensate collection system. National Healthy Housing Standard page 18 - Indoor surfaces of both occupied and unoccupied spaces shall not be cooled to temperatures so low as to create an average surface relative humidity(RH)of over 80 percent that lasts for more than 30 days on visible surfaces in occupied spaces and surfaces inside building cavities and unconditioned space. - Indoor dew point shall be low enough to ensure no condensation occurs on the exposed surfaces of cool HVAC components or on building materials or furnishings. - Humidifiers shall be sized,installed,and controlled so they do not overload the air with humidity,which increases the riskofcondensation insideairdistribution systems and exterior walls and roofing assemblies. 6.2. Solid Waste. Every dwelling shall have adequate facilities for temporary storage of trash and recyclable materials. 6.2.1.There shall be trash containers outside the dwelling for the storage of trash awaiting collection or disposal.The total capacity of these facilities shall be sufficient to store occupants'trash between scheduled collection times,and shall be placed on a cleanable surface constructed to minimize spillage. 6.2.2.There shall be containers outside the dwelling for recyclable materials awaiting collection,with capacity sufficient to store occupants'recyclable materials between scheduled collection times. e Stretch Provision: Exterior trash and recycling containers shall be placed at least 30 feet(nine meters)from the building,unless such space is not available. 6.3. Pest Management.. Integrated pest management(IPM)methods shall be used to maintain everydwelling free of infestation,openings that allow pest entry,conditions that harbor pests or provide them with food or water,and visible pest residue or debris. 6.3.1.A pest management professional who has an IPM certification or a person trained in IPM shall develop the IPM program for a multifamily building. 6.3.2.Every dwelling,premise,accessory structure,and fence shall be maintained in good repair,free of pest infestation,and inspected for pests and building conditions that attract and support pests. 6.3.2.1.There shall be no accumulation of trash,paper,boxes,lumber,scrap metal,food,or other materials that support rodent harborage in oraboutanydwelling or premises.Stored materials shall be placed in boxes or stacked in stable piles elevated at least six inches(152 mm)above the ground or floor and at least six inches(152 mm)from the walls.Stored materials shall not block any egress routes. 6.3.2.2.There shall be no trees,shrubs,orother plantings in the soil within six inches(152 mm)ofany dwelling.. 6.3.2.3.There shall be no accumulation of water in or about any dwelling or premises. 6.3.3.Every openable window and storm door shall be supplied with adequate screensto preventtheentryof pests. 6.3.4.There shall be no holes or open joints in exterior walls,foundations,slabs,floors,or roofs that equal or exceed one-eighth inch(3 mm). 6.3.4.1.The areas surrounding windows,doors,pipes,drains,wires,conduits,vents,and other openings that penetrate exterior walls shall be sealed with low-VOC caulk or closed-cell insulation. 6.3.5.Pest infestation and the underlying cause shall be eliminated using control methods consistent with IPM, such as exclusion,sanitation,and least-risk pesticides scaled to and designed for the targeted infestation. 6.3.5.1.Foggers and organic phosphates shall not be used to control or eliminate pests. National Healthy Housing Standard page 19 7. CHEMICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL AGENTS 7.1. General Requirements. All chemical and radiological agents in dwellings,premises,and accessory structures,including but not limited to deteriorated lead-based paint,friable asbestos-containing material,formaldehyde,volatile organic compounds, radon,pesticides,and methamphetamine,shall be contained,stored,removed,or mitigated in a safe and healthy manner consistent with federal,state,and local laws and regulations.When an applicable regulatory limit is more protective than the level included in this section,the more restrictive limit shall apply. 7.2. Lead-Based Paint. 7.2.1.Lead levels at or above federal regulatory limits pursuant to 40 C.F.R.§745.65 are deemed hazardous:(1) lead-based painton an existing painted surface-0.5 percent byweightor 1.0 milligrams persquarecentimeter; (2)dust on floors-40 micrograms of lead per square foot of settled dust(µg/ftz);(3)dust on interior window sills-250µg/ftz;(4)dust on window troughs(wells)-400µg/ftz;(5)bare soil in children's playareas-400 parts per million(ppm)of lead;and(6)bare soil in areas of the yard that are not children's play areas-1,200 ppm. 7.2.2.Painted surfaces shall be maintained intact.With the exception of paint that is tested and found not to contain lead-based paint in accordance with 40 C.F.R.§745.82(a),deteriorated paint at a property built before 1978 shall be repaired in accordance with the renovation requirements of 40 C.F.R.§745 Subpart E,and the underlying cause of the deterioration shall be corrected. 7.2.3.All renovation,repair,and painting work that disturbs a painted surface in a pre-1978 dwelling shall be performed in accordance with the renovation requirements of 40 C.F.R.§745,Subpart E,unless the paint has been tested and found notto contain lead-based paint in accordance with 40 C.F.R.§745.82(a).Dust clearance testing shall be performed at the conclusion of renovation work. 7.2.4.With the exception of paint that is tested and found not to contain lead-based paint in accordance with 40C.F.R.§745.82(a),a painted surface shall not be disturbed using methodsthat involve(1)open-flame burning or torching or operating a heat gun at temperatures above a maximum of 1,100°F(593°C);or(2)power sanding,grinding,power planing,needle gun,abrasive blasting,or sandblasting unless such machines have shrouds or containment systems and a High-Efficiency Particulate Air(NEPA)vacuum attachment that collects dust and debris at the point of generation.The shroud or containment system shall release no visible dust or air outside the shroud or containment system. 7.2.5.Lead-based paint shall not be applied to the interior or exterior surface of any dwelling or dwelling unit. Stretch Provision: Lead present at or above the following limits is deemed hazardous:(1)lead-based paint on a friction,impact, or chewable surface,damaged or otherwise deteriorated,or non-intact-0.06 percent by weight;(2)dust on floors-10 micrograms of lead per square foot of settled dust(µg/ft?);(3)dust on interior window sills-100 µg/ftz;and(4)40µg/ftz on porches. 7.3: Asbestos. Everyownershall maintain in good repairall asbestos-containing material on the premises.All asbestos-containing material shall be maintained non=friable and free from any defects such as holes,cracks,tears,and/or looseness that may allow the release of fibers into the environment. 7.3.1.Friable asbestos-containing material shall be abated by licensed asbestos professionals in accordance with federal,state,or local requirements. 7.3.2.Any renovation,demolition,or other activity that will disturb asbestos-containing materials shall be preceded by asbestos abatement performed by certified asbestos professionals in accordance with federal, state,or local requirements. National Healthy Housing Standard page 20 7.3.3.Abatement,removal,and disposal of all asbestos-containing material shall comply with all appropriate federal,state,and local requirements. 7.4. Toxic Substances in Manufactured Building Materials: 7.4.1.Building materials consisting of hardwood plywood,medium-density fiberboard,and particleboard as defined by 15 U.S.C.2697(b)(2)shall not be used in maintenance and renovations within dwellings,unless the materials have been certified to meet the formaldehyde emission standards of 15 U.S.C.2697(b)(2): (1)Hardwood plywood with a veneer core,0.05 parts per million(ppm); (2)Hardwood plywood with a composite core,0.05 ppm; (3)Medium-density fiberboard,0.11 ppm; (4)Thin medium-density fiberboard,0.13 ppm;and (5)Particleboard,0.09 ppm. 7.4.2.Building materials used in maintenance and renovations,including but not limited to paints,coatings, primers,glues,resins,adhesives,and floor coverings,shall be certified as having no volatile organic chemicals (VOCs)or low VOC emissions,and having no halogenated flame retardants(HFRs). 7.5. Radon. Radon present at levels at or above the EPA action level of four picocuries radon per liter of air(pCi/L)in the lowest habitable level of the dwelling shall be deemed hazardous.Radon levels shall be determined by an approved testing method in accordance with state and local requirements.Radon levels exceeding four pCi/L shall be mitigated bya qualified radon mitigation professional who meets state and local requirements.lfthere are no state or local requirements qualifying radon testing and mitigation professionals,radon testing and mitigation shall be. performed by a professional certified by a national private-sector radon proficiency program. 0 Stretch Provision: Radon present at levels at or above two pCi/L in the lowest habitable level of the dwelling shall be deemed hazardous.Radon determined by an approved testing method to exceed two pCi/L shall be mitigated by qualified radon mitigation professionals in accordance with state and local requirements.lfthere are no state orlocal requirementsqualifying radontesting and mitigation professionals,radontesting and mitigationshall be performed by a professional certified by a national private-sector radon proficiency program. 7.6. Pesticides. Pesticides shall only be used in accordance with IPM methods discussed in Section 6.3,using the least toxic pesticide with demonstrated efficacy for the identified pest. 7.6.1.Pesticides shall be applied only in areas and at concentrations which comply with manufacturer specifications.When it is determined by an approved method that a hazardous amount of a pesticide has been applied in a location or at a concentration contrary to manufacturer specifications,the hazard shall be immediately mitigated. 7.6.2.Pesticides shall be stored and disposed in accordance with manufacturer specifications. 73. Methamphetamine. A dwelling that has been used for methamphetamine manufacture shall be vacated until certified by an approved testing method as safe from hazardous materials related to the methamphetamine manufacturing process. 7.8. Smoke in Multifamily Housing: 7.8.1.Smoking shall be prohibited in all indoor common areas of multifamily buildings. 7.8.2.Smoking shall be prohibited in exterior areas less than 25 feet(762 cm)from building entrances,outdoor air intakes,and operable windows. National Healthy Housing Standard page 21 7.8.3.Tenants and prospectivetenants shall be informed in writing of any applicable smoke-free policy and the location of designated smoke-free and smoking areas.Signs shall be posted in all designated areas. 7.8.4.Tenants who terminate a lease early due to incursion of tobacco smoke or the inception of a smoke-free policy shall be exempt from early termination penalties or security deposit forfeiture. e Stretch Provisions: • A property-wide policy shall be established in consultation with current tenants to designate exterior common areas where smoking shall be prohibited and areas where smoking shall be permitted. • A property-wide policy shall be established in consultation with current tenants to designate dwelling units where tobacco smoking shall be prohibited. National Healthy Housing Standard page 22 Definitions Accessory structure shall mean a detached structure, Class ABC fire extinguisher shall mean a fire such as garage or shed,that is subordinate to the extinguisher capable of putting out(1)fires in principal building(s)on the same premises. ordinary combustible materials,such as wood,cloth, Adequate shall mean sufficient to accomplish the paper,rubber,and many plastics(Class A);(2)fires in purpose intended without unreasonable risktohuman flammable liquids,combustible liquids,petroleum greases,tars,oils,oil-based paints,solvents,lacquers, health or safety. alcohols,and flammable gases(Class B);and(3)fires Approved shall mean established by the local or that involve energized electrical equipment(Class C). State authority having such administrative authorityor Cleanable shall mean moisture-resistant,free from determined by the designated official. cracks,pitting,chips,or tears,and designed to be Asbestos shall mean chrysotile,amosite,crocidolite; cleaned frequently. or,in fibrous form,tremolite asbestos,anthophyllite Climate Zone 1 shall mean the geographic region asbestos,or actinolite asbestos. designated by the International Energy Conservation Asbestos-containing material shall mean any material Code that receives each year at least 5,000 cooling or product containing more than one percent asbestos. degree days,which are calculated by multiplying Backdrafting shall mean improper venting of temperature differences above 50 degrees Fahrenheit combustion appliances that causes combustion by the amount of time such higher temperatures are by=products or other gases to enter the indoor reached. environment rather than to exhaust outdoors. Common areas shall mean areas within multifamily Balusters shall mean pillars or columns in a series housing that are designated for use by all occupants, supporting a rail or guard. owners,tenants,or users of a building or building complex,including but not limited to corridors, Basement shall mean a portion of a building located hallways,lobbies,parking areas,laundry rooms, partly or entirely below grade. recreational spaces,pools,and exterior property. Biologica.l agent shall mean but not be limited Dwelling shall mean any building wholly or partly to mold,infestation,human and animal waste, used or intended to be used for living,sleeping, wastewater,sewage,rotting material,and cooking,and eating. accumulation of trash that may harbor viruses, Dwelling unit shall mean a room or group of rooms parasites,fungi,and/or bacteria, used or intended to be used for living,sleeping, Bulk storage container shall mean a metal trash cooking,and eating by one or more individuals living containerthatis morethan 40 inches(102 cm)in height, together as a single household. has acapacityofmorethantwo cubicyards(1.5m3),and Egress shall mean the path available for a person to isequippedwithfittingsforhydraulcand/ormechanical leave a building.This route shall be unobstructed,and emptying,unloading,and/or removal. doors along this route cannot be subject to locking Carbon monoxide alarm shall mean an electronic from the side to which people will be leaving. device that measures the level of carbon monoxide Electrical system shall mean a system that makes gas in air and is equipped with a sensor that electricity available in a building and distributes it activates an audible alarm when an amount of through outlets and lighting fixtures for occupant use. carbon monoxide above the device's threshold level accumulates in the area in which the alarm is located. Emergency escape and rescue opening shall mean Chemical agent shall mean chemicals that have the an operable window,door,orothersimilardevicethat potential to cause adverse health effects. provides for a means of escape and access for rescue in the event of an emergency. Chimney shall mean a vertical masonry shaft of Flue shall mean a conduit made of non-combustible reinforced concreteorotherapproved noncombustible, heat-resisting material that is used to remove the heat-resisting material enclosing one or more flues,to productsofcombustionfromsolid,liquid,orgaseousfuel. remove products of combustion from solid,liquid,or gaseous fuel. National Healthy Housing Standard page 23 Formaldehyde shall mean the colorless,flammable Integrated pest management shall mean a carcinogenic chemical,an organic compound with the systematic strategy for managing pests that consists formula HCHO,which is used in the manufacture of of prevention,exclusion,monitoring,and suppression building materials(e.g.,pressed wood products)and of pests.Where chemical pesticides are necessary, household products.Federal limits for formaldehyde a preference is given to materials and methods that emissionsfrom building materials(hardwood plywood, maximize safetyand reduceenvironmental health risk. medium-density fiberboard,and particleboard)were Methods to manage pests include eliminating their established in 15 U.S.C.2697(b)(2). harborage places;removing or making inaccessible Friable shall mean asbestos-containing material that, their food and water sources;routine inspection and when dry,can be crumbled,pulverized,or reduced to monitoring;identificationofevidencefound;treatment powder by hand pressure. that is scaled to and designed for the infestation; using the least-toxic pesticide for the identified pest; Grade shall mean the finished ground level adjoining and follow-up inspection until the infestation is gone. building at all exterior walls. Low-toxicity pesticide products are labeled with the. Graywater system shall mean a system for collecting signal word ofCAUTION while WARNI NG,DANGER,a nd household waste water from plumbing fixtures other POISON indicate higher levels of toxins. than toilets and treating it for non-potable reuse. Ldn(day-night equivalent sound level)shall mean a Guard shall mean a building component or a system weighted average sound level measured over a 24-hour of building components located near the open sides period with adjustments anticipating reduced levels of elevated walking surfaces or adjacent to a window during evening and night hours to factor occupants that minimizes the possibility of a fall from the walking extra sensitivity to noise during those time periods. surface or window to the lower level. LAS shall mean an average sound level measured over Habitable room shall mean an enclosed floor space a specified period. used or intended to be used for living,sleeping, Lead-based paint shall mean equal to or greater than cooking,or eating,and excluding bathrooms,toilet 1.0 milligram lead persquare centimeter or 0.5 percent rooms,laundries,furnacerooms,pantries,kitchenettes, lead by weight for existing surfaces,paint,or other utility rooms,foyers,communicating corridors, surface coatings,and equal to or greater than 90 parts stairways,closets,storage spaces,workshops,or rooms per million(ppm)or.009 percent lead for paint and with less than 70 ft2(65 m2)of floor space. other surface coatings at the point of purchase. Handrail shall mean a horizontal orsloping rail intended Lead-based paint hazard shall mean any deteriorated for grasping by the hand for guidance or support. lead-based paint,dust-lead hazard,soil-lead hazard, Harborage shall mean any conditions or place where lead-based paint present on chewable surfaces with pests can obtain water or food,nest,or obtain shelter. teeth marks,or lead-based paint present on friction surfaces,in accordance with 40 C.F.R.§745.65. Healthy:See"safe and healthy." Let shall mean to lease or grant the use and possession Heating system shall mean facilities that,for the of real property whether or not for compensation. purpose of maintaining thermal comfort during cold Long-lasting battery shall mean a battery having a life weather,heat air or water through a furnace or heat of ten or more years. pump and distribute such heat through vents,ducts, pipes,or radiators,or hardwired electrical heaters. Methamphetamine shall mean the synthetic drug Neither a cooking appliance nor a portable,unvented with more rapid and lasting effectsthan amphetamine, fuel-burning space heater is a heating system. sometimes used or manufactured illegally as a Infestation shall mean the recurrent presence of any stimulant. life stages of a pest that presents a hazard to humans, Mixed-humid climateshallmean a region that receives property,or the environment. morethan 20 inches(50 cm)of annual precipitation,has Insects shall mean all species of classes of Arachnida approximately 5,400 heating degree days(65°F or 18°C and Insecta(Hexapoda)of the phylum Arthropoda basis)orfewer,andwheretheaveragemonthlyoutdoor and includes but is not limited to flies,mosquitoes, temperature drops below 45°F(7°C)during the winter months.The U.S.counties located in a warm-humid bed bugs,crickets,cockroaches,moths,bees,wasps, climate are identified by Building America. hornets,fleas,lice,beetles,weevils,gnats,ants, termites,mites,ticks,spiders,and scorpions. National Healthy Housing Standard page 24 Mold shall mean a growth that a fungus produces Radon shall mean the odorless,tasteless,and invisible on damp or decaying organic matter or on living gas found in both outdoor air and indoor air that is a organisms. form of ionizing radiation produced by the decay of Multifamily housing shall mean any dwelling uranium in soil and water. containing more than two dwelling units. Recyclable materials shall mean disposable products Occupant shall mean any individual living,sleeping, composed of glass,metal,paper,plastic,and similar cooking,or eating in and having possession of a content that can be processed to produce a new dwelling or dwelling unit. supply of the same material or be reused in the production of other materials. Owner shall mean any person who alone,jointly,or Riser shall mean the vertical surface that connects one severally with others,has legal title to the premises, tread of a step or stair to the next. dwelling,ordwelling unit,with or without accompanying actual possession thereof;has charge,care,or control of Rodent shall mean any member of the order Rodentia, anypremises,dwelling,ordwelling unit,as owner,agent including but not limited to field and wood mice, oftheowner,orother person;is executor,administrator, wood rats,squirrels,woodchucks,gophers,Norwayrats trustee,or guardian of the estate of the owner;is a (Rattus norvegicus),roof rats(Rattus rattus),and house mortgagee in possession;oristheseniorofficerortrustee mice(Mus musculus). of the association of unit owners of a condominium. Safe and healthy shall mean the condition of being Person shall mean any individual,firm,corporation freefrom dangerand chemical,biological,and physical and its officers,association,partnership,cooperative, agents that may cause injury,disease,or death;and fit trustee,executor of an estate,governmental agency,or for human occupancy. any other legal entity recognized by law. Smoke shall mean emissions from a lighted pipe,cigar, Pesticide shall mean any substance or mixture of cigarette,hookah,weed,herbs,or any other lighted substances intended for preventing,destroying, biomass-burning substances such as but not limited to repelling,or mitigating any pest,or intended for use as tobacco,marijuana,and incense. a plant regulator,defoliant,or desiccant. Smoke detector shall mean a device that is equipped Pests shall mean insects,rodents,or other vermin. to activate an audible alarm when it detects the Plumbing shall mean and include any and all of presence of combustion products in air. the following facilities and equipment:water pipes, Space heater shall mean a self-contained convection garbage disposal units,waste pipes,toilets,sinks, or radiant heater designed to heat a room,two bathtubs,shower baths,catch basins,drains,vents, adjoining rooms,or some other limited space or area. installed clothes washing machines and dishwashers, Supplied shall mean paid for,furnished by,provided and any other supplied plumbing fixtures,together with all connections to water,sewer,or gas lines. by,or under the control of the owner or operator. Potable water shall mean water that complies with Toilet room shall mean a room containing a water the maximum contaminant limits of the United States closet orurinal but not necessarily abathtub orshower. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)ora regulatory Trash shall mean garbage,refuse,or ashes. limit that is more protective than EPA's. Trash container shall mean a container with a tight- Premises shall mean a lot or parcel of land or plot of fitting lid that is constructed of metal or other durable land,either occupied or unoccupied by any dwelling, material that is impervious to rodents,insects,and and includes any such building,accessory structure,or handling stress;and is capable of being filled,emptied, other structure thereon. and cleaned without creating unsanitary conditions. Privacy shall mean theexistenceofconditionsthat permit Tread shall mean the horizontal surface of a step orstair. an individual or individuals to be withoutobservation, Unblockable drain shall mean a pool,spa,or whirlpool interruption,or interference by unwanted individuals. drain of any size and shape that a human body cannot Properly connected shall mean installed in sufficiently blockto createa suction entrapment hazard. accordance with all applicable codes and ordinances, Ventilation system shall mean the natural or and in good working order and not constituting a hazard to life or health. mechanical process of supplying or removing conditioned or unconditioned air to or from a space. National Healthy Housing Standard page 25 Volatile organic compounds,or VOCs,shall mean the warmest six consecutive months of the year.The organicchemicalcompoundswhosecompositionmakes U.S.counties located in a warm-humid climate are it possible for them to evaporate under normal indoor identified in Figure 301...1 and Table 301,1 of the 2012 atmospheric conditions of temperature and pressure. International Energy Conservation Code. Walk-off mat shall mean a coarse-ribbed or plush- Waterproof shall mean impervious to water. surfaced mat with nonslip backing placed inside orjust Watertight shall mean closely sealed,fastened,or outside building entrances designed to capture dirt, fitted so that no water enters or passes through the water,and other materials tracked inside by people surface. and equipment. Warm-humid climate shall mean the region where Weathertight shall mean secure against penetration either of the following conditions occurs:(1)67°F by air,wind,rain,snow,and other weather conditions. (19.4°C)or higher wet bulb temperature for 3,000 or more hours during the warmest six consecutive Interpretation of Terms: months of the year;or(2)73°F(22.8°C)or higher Wherethewords"dwelling,""dwelling unit,""premises,"and wet bulb temperature for 1,500 or more hours during "structure,"oraparticularbuildingcomponentareusedinthis Standard,theyshallbeconstruedasiftheywerefollowedbythe words"oranypartthereof."Words used inthesingularinciude the plural,and the plural the singular. National Healthy Housing Standard page 26 Annotated Standard: Requirements and Stretch Provisions with Rationales, References, and Resources 1. DUTIES OF OWNERS AND OCCUPANTS 1.1. Duties of Owners. The owner has the duty to ensure that the structure,dwelling,dwelling unit,common areas,and premises are maintained in a safe and healthy condition,in compliance with this Standard and other applicable requirements. 1.1.1.The owner shall ensure the collection oftrash and recyclables and provide and maintain trash containers, bulk storage containers,recycling containers,and areas where the containers are stored. 1.1.2.The owner shall maintain the building and premises to keep pests from entering the building and dwelling units,inspect and monitorfor pests,and eliminate pest infestation in accordance with integrated pest management methods. 1.1.3.The owner shall provide occupants with at least 48 hours written notice of the planned use of a chemical agent such as a pesticide or herbicide,the date and location of application,and a copy of the warning label. 1.1.4.The owner shall not cause or allow any water,sewage,electrical,or gas service,facility,or equipment required for safe and healthy occupancy to be removed,shut off,or discontinued for any occupied dwelling, except for such temporary interruption as may be necessary while repairs or alterations are being performed, or during temporary emergencies requiring discontinuance of service.This provision does not applywhere the occupant has contractual control over the service and shall not be interpreted as preventing a utility company from discontinuing service for reasons allowed by law. 1.1.5.The owner shall investigate occupant reports of unsafe or unhealthy conditions,respond in writing,and make needed repairs in a timely manner. 1.2. Duties of Occupants. The occupant shall properly use and operatethedwelling unit and owner-supplied fixturesand facilities controlled by the occupant in order to maintain a safe and healthy environment within the dwelling unit,and report unsafe orunhealthyconditions,including breakdowns,leaks,and other problems requiring repairtotheownerinatimely manner. 1.2.1.The occupant shall place trash and recyclables in the appropriate containers. 1.2.2.The occupant shall work with the owner to ensure pest-free conditions in accordance with integrated pest management. 1.2.3.If the occupant's action leads to pooling of water or another excessive moisture problem inside the dwelling unit,the occupant shall clean up and dry out the area in a timely manner. National Healthy Housing Standard page 27 2. STRUCTURE, FACILITIES, PLUMBING, AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS 2.1. Structure. Requirement: Every foundation,roof,floor,exterior and interior wall,ceiling,inside and outside stair,porch,trim,accessory structure,fence,door,window,and window glass shall be safe to use and capable of supporting the intended design loads and load effects and shall be in good condition. Rationale: The structure of a dwelling is complex.Its different parts must all be adequately designed and properly maintained to ensure that the habitable space is safe and healthy.The structure of a dwelling is dependent on foundation and footing,vapor barriers,house framing,roofframing,roofs,exteriorwalls,and trim components thatare maintained in good condition.Poor construction of the structure can result in several negative consequences,including dampness or condensation;poor energy efficiency;excessive noise;structural damage,such as cracks in walls,open joints,and loose roofs,which allows pest intrusion;and collapse of building components,such as fixtures,flooring,lighting and cabinets,which can lead to poor health,injuries,or even death.Structural deficiencies in a dwelling can cause falls, fires,burns and scalds,carbon monoxide and other poisoning,drowning,and other injuries. References: • Jacobs,D.E.&Baeder,A.(2009).Housing interventions and health:A review of the evidence.Columbia, MD:National Center for Healthy Housing.Retrieved from http://www.nchh.orq/LinkClick. aspx?fileticket=2lvaEDNBIdU%3d&tabid=229 • U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2006).Healthy housing reference manual.Retrieved from www.cdc.qov/nceh/publications/books/housinq/ housinq.htm • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.qov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operatinq guidance hhrs v1.pdf 2.2. Facilities. Requirement: Every plumbing fixtureand pipe,chimney,flue;smoke pipe,and every other facility;piece of equipment,or utility shall be installed in conformance with applicable statutes,ordinances,and regulations. 2.2.1.Mechanical,utility,and heating equipment shall be separated from habitable rooms.In multifamily buildings,equipment rooms shall be locked. Rationale: Housing facilities in disrepair are likelyto cause health burdens as a result of plumbing leaks and chimney,flue,and smoke pipe malfunctions.Chimneys in poorcondition can cause condensation buildup within the chimney,which can lead to deterioration and eventually chimney collapse.Additionally,carbon monoxide and other combustion- related hazards that leak through gaps and cracks can cause lasting damage to a resident's health.Fire outbreaks can also start in chimneys and lead to serious injuries or death. References: Chimney Safety Institute of America.(2013).Safe home heating—avoiding carbon monoxide hazards. http://www.csia.orq/homeowner-resources/Avoiding Carbon Monoxide_Hazards.aspx 2.3. Plumbing System. Requirement: Every plumbing fixture,stack,vent,water,waste,and sewer pipe shall be properly installed,maintained in a safe and functional order,and kept free from obstructions,leaks,and defects. National Healthy Housing Standard page 28 2.3.1.An approved potable water supply system shall provide an adequate amount of running water under pressure to all fixtures simultaneously. 2.3.2.An adequate supply of heated running water under pressure shall be supplied to sinks,bathtubs, showers,and laundry facilities.Water heaters shall be set at a minimum temperature of 110°F(43°C).At bathtub faucets and shower heads,the maximum temperature shall be 120°F(49°C).Heated water shall be provided by either a tank-type or tankless water heater.A tank-type water heater shall have a temperature/ pressure relief valve that discharges to a drip pan,storage tank,or the outside.The temperature of water discharged from a tankless water heater shall not exceed 140°F(60°C). 2.3.3.Every waste pipe shall be connected to a public sewer system,an approved private sewage disposal system,or the dwelling's graywater system.No toilet waste pipe shall be connected to a graywatersystem.The drainage system shall have a cleanout. 2.3.4.Faucet discharge points shall be located above the overflow rim of sinks,tubs,or other fixtures that collect water. e Stretch Provisions: • Bathtub and shower faucets shall have anti-scald devices,such as an automatic temperature control mixing valve,water temperature limiting device,or temperature-actuated flow reduction valve. • Each dwelling unit in multifamily housing shall have a separate meter for water supplied to the unit. • Multifamily housing with one or more central water heaters shall comply with ASHRAE Standard188P to assess and manage the risks associated with Legionella in building water systems. • A private water supply shall betested annually to ensure that water does not have biological or chemical contaminants. • If there is a suspected riskof excessive lead in drinking water supplied bya public water utility,the water shall be tested.The risk factors shall include,but are not limited to,presence of an occupant with a blood lead level of five micrograms per deciliter or more,pipes made of lead or leaded brass,test results indicating that the lead level in the public water supply exceeds federal limits,and plumbing repair workthat has disturbed water supply components(such as faucets,valves,pipes,meters,pressure regulators,backflow preventers, lead-soldered joints,or service lines).If the lead level in the water sample exceeds 15 parts per billion,there shall bean investigation ofthe possible sources(s)todeterminethe appropriate course ofaction.lfwarranted, lead and brass-containing components shall be replaced. Rationale: Plumbing leaks may cause mold growth on building materials.People who are exposed to molds may experience nasal and eye irritation,respiratoryand allergic diseases,and asthma exacerbation.Damp conditions may magnify levels of biological agents,such as dust mites,bacteria,and cockroaches.The containment of household sewage is instrumental in protecting the publicfrom waterborne and vector-borne diseases.Waterat 140°F(60°C)can result in a second-degree burn after three seconds and a third-degree burn after five seconds.The long-term effects of scalds can include disability,disfigurement,or psychological harm and repeated skin grafts.Exposure to hazards in drinking water must be averted to prevent lead poisoning,Legionella,and other diseases caused bywaterborne biological and chemical agents. References: • American Society of Heating,Refrigerating,and Air-Conditioning Engineers.(2011).Standard 188P(draft): PreventionofLeg ionellosisassociatedwith bui ldingwatersystems.Retrievedfrom httpsJ/osr.ashrae.orq/Public3/o20 Review%20Draft%205tanda rds%20Lib/Std-1.88P-PPR2%20Fi nal%206%2010%202011.pdf • Burge,N.A.(1990,November).Bioaerosols:Prevalence and health effects in the indoor environment.Journal of AllergyandClin icallmm u nology,86(5),687-704.Retrievedfrom http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.qov/pubmed/2229836 • Institute of Medicine.(2004).Damp indoor spaces and health.Washington,DC:The National Academies Press. Available at http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Damp-Indoor-Spaces-and-Health.aspx • International Code Council.(2012).International plumbing code,§§4243,424.5. National Healthy Housing Standard page 29 • International Code Council.(2012).International property maintenance code.§§505.4,504.4-6.501.6. • International Code Council.(2012).International residential code,§§P2713,P 2708.3,P 3009. • U.S.Centersfor DiseaseControl and Prevention.(2013,August).Drinking water.Retrieved from http://www.cdc. qov/healthywater/drinking/index.html • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(2009,May).National primarydrinking water regulations.Retrieved from http://water.epa.qov/d rink/conta m i nants/i ndex.cfm • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(2011,April).Problems with pinhole leaks in yourcopper water pipes.EPA Science Matters.Retrieved from http://www.epa.qov/sciencematters/april2011/leaks.htm • World HealthOrganization.(2010).Technicalandpolicyrecommendationstoreducehealthrisksduetodampness and mould.Copenhagen:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.Retrieved from http://www. euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf file/0015/121425/E92998.pdf Resources: • American Society of Sanitary Engineering International.(n.d.).www.asse-plumbinq.orq/standards • Connecticut Department of Public Health.(2013).Private drinking water in Connecticut.Retrieved from http!/www.ct.gov/dph/Iib/dph/environmental_health/eoha/pdf/24_residential_drinkinq_water_well testinq.pdf 2.4. Kitchen. Requirement: Every dwelling unit shall have a kitchen equipped with the following: 2.4.1.A kitchen sink in good working condition that is properly connected to heated and unheated water supplies and waste pipes.Any provided dishwasher and components of the sink,including disposal and water filtration devices,shall be in good working condition and properly connected. 2.4.2.A counter for food preparation and cabinets and/or shelves sufficient to store occupants'food that does not require refrigeration and eating,drinking,and food preparation equipment.Cabinetsshall havetight-fitting doors and no gaps between any surfaces.The counter,countertop edges,cabinets,and shelves shall be of sound construction and furnished with surfaces that are impervious to water,smooth,and cleanable. 2.4.3.A rangefor cookingfood.The range shall be properly installed with all necessary connections for safe and efficient operation and shall be maintained in good working condition. 2.4.3.1.The range shall include an oven unless both a separate oven,other than a microwave oven,and a cooktop are provided.A hot plate is not an acceptable substitute for burners on a range or cooktop.The range or cooktop shall have a vertical clearance of not less than 30 inches(762 mm)from above its surface to unprotected combustible material.Reduced clearances are permitted in accordance with the listing and labeling of the range hood. 2.4.3.2.Ventilation for the range shall be provided in accordance with Subsection 5.3. 2.4.4.A refrigerator with a freezer.The refrigerator shall be in good working condition,of sufficient size to store occupants'food that requires refrigeration,and capable of maintaining a temperature less than 41°F(6°C)but more than 32°F(0°C).The freezer section shall be capable of maintaining a temperature below 0°F(-18°C). 2.4.4.1 If the lease does not provide for a refrigerator,adequate connections for the occupant's installation and operation of a refrigerator shall be provided. 2.4.5.A kitchen floor in good condition with a sealed,water-resistant,nonabsorbent,and cleanable surface. e Stretch Provisions: ° Cabinets and countertops shall be constructed of materials that are rated No-Added Formaldehyde(NAF)or Ultra-Low-Emitting Formaldehyde Resins(ULEF). National Healthy Housing Standard page 30 • Wall surfaces immediatelyadjacenttothe range,sink,and counter shall be covered with an impervious finish. • The joints where a wall meets a cabinet or counter,and where a counter meets a stove or sink,shall be sealed or covered to permit thorough cleaning and deter pests. • Enclosed cabinets(as opposed to a combination of shelves and cabinets)sufficient to store occupants'food that does not require refrigeration shall be provided. • Freestanding stoves shall have brackets to prevent tip-over. Rationale: Properly designed kitchens enable the safe and hygienic preparation and cooking of food and reduce the risk of food poisoning.Damp,unmaintained surfaces may deteriorate,causing increased chance of growth of biological agents,presenting a risk of food contamination and food poisoning.Kitchen floors that are impervious to water and capable of being cleaned and maintained prevent the accumulation of dirt,moisture,and biological agents. References: • California Air Resources Board.(n.d.).No-added formaldehyde and ultra low emitting formaldehyde resins. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/compwood/naf ulef/naf ulef.htm • International Code.Council.(2012).International residential code,§M1901.1. • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.qov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operatinq guidance hhrs_vl.pdf 2.5. Bathroom. Requirement: Every dwelling unit shall have a private bathroom equipped with the following: 2.5.1.A toilet in good working condition that is sealed to the waste pipe and affixed to the floor and properly connected to both the dwelling's water supply and a waste pipe leading to an approved sewage system or private waste disposal system. 2.5.2.A sink in good working condition,with a stable connection to the wall or secure attachmentto the floorthat is properlyconnected tothe heated and unheated potable water supply and a sealed trap leading to a waste pipe. 2.5.3.A bathtub or shower in good working condition that is properly connected to the heated and unheated potable water supply and a waste pipe.The bottoms of bathtubs and shower floors shall have permanent or removable nonslip surfaces. 2.5.4.Cleanable nonabsorbent water-resistant material on floor surfaces and extending on bathroom walls at least 48 inches(122 cm)above a bathtub and 72 inches(183 cm)above the floor of a shower stall.Such materials on walls and floors shall form a watertight joint with each other and with the bathtub or shower. 2.5.5.Ventilation for the bathroom provided in accordance with Subsection 5.3. c Stretch Provisions: • Grab bars shall be firmly anchored to the wall adjacent to each bathtub,shower,and toilet in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act Design Guidelines. • Tub and shower enclosures composed of tile or panel assemblies with caulked joints shall be installed over moisture-resistant backing material,such as cement board.Paper-faced wallboard shall not be used behind such tub and shower enclosures.Monolithic tub and shower enclosures(e.g.,fiberglass with no seams)are exempt from these limitations unless required by the manufacturer. Rationale: Poorly maintained bathrooms can cause water damage,mold growth,and associated health issues.Exposure to bathroom-related biological agents can cause respiratoryand gastrointestinal symptoms.Peoplewhoareexposed National Healthy Housing Standard page 31 to molds may experience nasal and eye irritation,respiratory and allergic diseases,and asthma exacerbation. Structural deficiencies in the bathroom,such as the lack of grab bars and nonslip surfaces,may lead to falls, especially among young children and older adults.Children underthe age of five years are most likely to fall in the bathroom,but older adults experience greater injuries.The most common injuries resulting from falls associated with a bath,shower,or similar facility are cuts or lacerations,swelling or bruising,or fractures.Outcomes from a bathroom fall are likely to be more severe than in other areas,because of the many hard projections and surfaces found in bathrooms and the fact that the user may be unprotected by clothing. References: • Cutbill,M.(1982).A..nalysisofaccidentslocatedinthebathroom.London,U.K:DepartmentofTradeand Industry. As cited in U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control.(2010),Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/ hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=operatinq guidance hhrs v1.pdf • DiGuiseppi,C.,Jacobs,D.E.,Phelan,K.J.,Mickalide,A.D.,&Ormandy,D.(2010,September).Housing interventions and control of injury-related structural deficiencies:A review of the evidence.Journal of Public Health Management Practice,S32-S41. • International Code Council.(2012).International building code,§1210.2. • NYC Mayor's Office for People with Disabilities.(2010,September).Inclusive design guidelines.Available at: http://shop.iccsafe.orq/inclusive-design-quidelInes-new-york-city-1.html • U.S.DepartmentofJustice.(2010).AmericanswithDisabilitiesActstandardsforaccessibledesign.§609.Retrieved from http://www.ada.qov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAstandards.htm#Bars • World HealthOrganization.(2010).Technicalandpolicyrecommendationstoreducehealthrisksduetodampness and mould.Copenhagen:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.Retrieved from http://www. euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf file/0015/121425/E92998.pdf • World Health Organization.(2009).WHO guidelines for indoor airq uality:Dampness and mould.Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf file/0017/43325/E92645.pdf 2.6. Minimum Space. Requirement: The dwelling shall provide privacy and adequate space for sleeping and living. 2.6.1.A bedroom shall not be the only passageway to the only bathroom in a dwelling unit with more than one bedroom. 2.6.2.A bathroom ortoilet room shall not bethe only passagewayto any habitable room,hall,basement,orthe exterior of the dwelling. 2.6.3.Every habitable room shall have a minimum floor area of 70 ft2(6.5 m2). 2.6.4.Every dwelling shall have closet space or other storage space to store occupants'clothing and personal belongings. 2.6.5.The ceiling height of any habitable room shall be at least 84 inches(213 cm).In a habitable room with a sloping ceiling,at least one-half of the floor area shall have a ceiling height of at least 84 inches(213 cm).If any part of a room has a ceiling height lower than 60 inches(152 cm),its floor area shall not be considered when computing the floor area of the room. 2.6.6.A habitable room located partly ortotally below grade shall be provided with natural light by windows in accordance with Subsection 4.3,and ventilation in accordance with Subsection 5.3.In such a room,the ceiling and any ducts,pipes,and otherobstructions shall beat least 84 inches(213 cm)above the floorthroughout the room,and walls and floors shall be waterproof and free of dampness. National Healthy Housing Standard page 32 Rationale: Privacy is a necessity to people,to some degree and during some periods.There should be sufficient space to provide for social interaction between members of the household,while allowing for private time away from other household members.Personal space and privacy needs are important for the individual members of the same household as well as for individuals or households sharing rooms and/or facilities.Providing adequate enclosed floor space for living,sleeping,cooking,or eating and storage helps prevent clutter and provides privacy to promote healthy living.Pest harborage,psychological distress,and injury hazards may result from clutter. Where units with rooms meeting the minimum floor area requirement are unavailable or unaffordable,it may be necessary to deviate from minimum room size. References: • Housing Corporation and Care Service Improvement Partnership.(2006).Good housing and good health? Retrievedfromhttp.//www.healthimpactproject.org/resources/document/Good housing and good health.pdf • International Code Council.(2012).International property maintenance code,§§404.4.3,404.3. • MidWestPlanService.(2006).Thehousehandbook:Guidelinesforbuildingorremodelingyourhome.Ames,IA:lowa State University. • OfficeoftheDeputyPrimeMinister.(2004,May).Theimpactofovercrowdingonhealth&education:Areviewofthe evidence and literature.London:Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.Retrieved from http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5073/ • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.qov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operating_quidance_hhrs_vl pdf 2.7. Floors and Floor Coverings.; Requirement: Floors and floor coverings shall be attached at each threshold,maintained in safe and healthy condition,capable of being cleaned,and free of bulges and buckling.Carpets shall have no tears,folds,or bumps. e Stretch Provisions: • Floor coverings shall consist of low-pile carpet or nonabsorbent material such as hardwood,tile,or resilient flooring.Carpet and other floor coverings shall be certified as having low volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions,and any adhesives,padding,or other materials used in installing the floor covering shall be certified as having no VOCs or low VOC emissions;and having no perfluorocarbons or halogenated flame retardants. • Walk-off entry mats shall be provided inside or outside each entryway that leads to the outdoors. Rationale: Worn carpet that is poorly maintained can pose slip,trip,and fall hazards.Carpet in poor condition may also be a source of chemical and biological agents that become lodged in the carpeting.Worn carpeting is difficult to vacuum adequately.Cleanablefloors in good condition are less likelytoaccumulatedirt,moisture,and chemical and biological agents.Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)contribute significantly to unhealthy indoor air quality.VOC sources are not limited to the flooring itself,but also include glues,padding,and other materials used in installation. Perfluorocarbons(PFCs),which are linked to a range of developmental disorders and other adverse effects,were added to carpets for stain resistance until U.S.manufacturers voluntarily discontinued their use in 2006. References: • CaliforniaDepartmentofPublicHealth.(2010).EmissiontestingmethodforCaliforniaspecification01350:Standard methodforthetestingandeval uationofvolatileorganicchemicalemissionsfromindoorsourcesusingenvironmental chamber.Retrieved from http://standards.nsf.orq/apps/group_public/download.php/19152/CDPH%20 01350%20V 1-1.pdf • Carpetand Rug Institute.(n.d.).Residential:Green label/green label plus.Retrieved from http://www.carpet-ruq. org/residentia lcustomers/selecti nq-the-right-carpet-or-ruq/q reen-label.cfm National Healthy Housing Standard page 33 • Environmental Working Group.(2003).PFCs last forever.Retrieved from http://www.ewq.orq/research/pfcs- global-contaminants/pfcs-last-forever • Lewis,R.D.,Breysse,P.N.,Lees,P.S.J.,Diener-West,M.,Hamilton,R.G.,&Eggleston,P.(1998,September).Factors affecting the retention of dust mite allergen on carpet.American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,59(9), 606-613.Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.qov/pubmed/9778820 • National Centerfor Healthy Housing.(2008).Carpets and healthy homes.Retrieved from http://www.nchh.org/ Porta Is/0/Contents/Ca rpetsHea lthyHomes.pdf • ScientificCertificationSystem.(n.d.).FloorScore®.Retrievedfromhttp://www.scsglobalservices.com/floorscore • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(2013,September).Significant new uses:Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylate chemical substances.Retrieved from http://www.requlations. qov/#Idocu me ntDeta i l;D=EPA-HQ-OP PT-2012-0268-0034 2.8. Noise. Requirement: The structure and facilities shall be maintained so that the noise level in the interior of the dwelling unit caused by exterior sources is below 45 dB Ldn(day-night equivalent sound level). e Stretch Provisions: o Nighttime noise levels within bedrooms shall not exceed 30 dB LA„measured over eight hours. o HVAC equipment,including intermittent ventilation fans,shall operate at a noise level that creates no more than 45 dB Ldn in habitable rooms. o Wall and ceiling assemblies shall meet performance standards to attenuate exterior sound reaching occupants or be constructed using materials with sound-dampening acoustical properties. o Roofmaterial,chimneybaffles,exteriordoors,mailslots,atticventilationports,wall-mountedairconditioners, and other building components that have the potential to admit excessive noise shall be configured to minimize sound intrusion. o Windows shall be sealed,made weathertight,and caulked to minimize sound intrusion when closed. Rationale: The World Health Organization(WHO)has identified and documented seven categories of adverse health effects of noise pollution on humans:hearing impairment,speech intelligibility,disturbances in sleep and cardiovascular function;mental health,negative social behavior and annoyance reactions,and impaired task performance.The negative health impacts of noise are related to the total noise exposure experienced from all noise sources in the environment and can lead to a combination of these different negative impacts.Additionally,noise exposure disproportionately impacts certain segments of the population.Infants,children,those with mental or physical illnesses,and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to noise pollution. References: • Berglund,B.,Lindvall,T.,&Schwela,D.(1999).Guidelinesforcommunitynoise.Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization. Retrieved from who.int/docstore/peh/noise/quidelines2.html • Hagler,L.(1999).Su mmary of adverse health effects of noise pollution.Retrieved from http://www.noiseoff.orq/ document/who.summary.pdf • Harris,D.A.(1997).Noise control manual for residential buildings.New York,NY:McGraw-Hill Professional. • State of California.(1974).Health and safety code.§17922.6,Noise insulation standards. Resources: • Standard for Maximum Interior Noise Level,24 C.F.R.§51.101(a)(9)(1998). • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development.(n.d.).Sound transmission class guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.qov/hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=DOC_16419.pdf National Healthy Housing Standard page 34 3. SAFETY AND PERSONAL SECURITY Requirement: In accordance with local firecodes,every dwelling unit shall have atleasttwo means of egress that serve as emergency escapes and rescue openings.Each egress shall lead outside without passing through another dwelling unit. 3.1.1.Egress routes shall be unobstructed.Doors along egress routes shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or tool. 3.1.2.Any bedroom located below the fourth floor shall be provided with an exterior window openable from the inside that can be used as a means of emergency egress. 3.1.3.If a habitable room partly or totally below grade is intended for sleeping purposes,at least one exterior window shall be openable from the inside and accessible for easy and ready use as an emergency exit.The window shall have the following minimum dimensions:a net clear opening of 5.7 ft2(0.53 m2);24 inches(61 cm) from the top of the sill to the bottom of head of the windowframe;a width of 20 inches(51 cm);and a sill height of not more than 44 inches(112 cm)from the floor. 3.1.3.1.If the window opening sill height is below ground elevation,the horizontal dimension(width times projection)of the window well shall be at least nine ft2(0.84 m2)and the horizontal projection shall extend at least 36 inches(91 cm)from the exterior side of the window. 3.1.3.2.If the egress window well is deeper than 44 inches(11.2 cm)below ground elevation,there shall be steps or a ladder permanently attached to serve as an emergency exit to ground elevation.The distance. between steps or rungs shall be 18 inches(46 cm),their width shall be at least 12 inches(31 cm),and their projection from the wall shall be between three and six inches(7.6 and 15 cm). 3.1.3.3.A door leading directly from the room to the outside that provides an exit at grade level shall fulfill this requirement. Rationale: Escape from fire is an important public safety protection.Proper configuration of egress will prevent falls that can result in physical injury,such as bruising,fractures,head,brain,and spinal injuries;allow the timely evacuation of residents in an emergency;and permit entry by rescue workers wearing emergency equipment on their backs. References: • International Code Council.(n.d.).Accessible means of egress.Retrieved from http://www.iccsafe.orq/safety/ Documents/MeansofEqressBroch.pdf • International Code Council.(2012).International fire code,Chapter 10. • International Code Council.(2012).International residential code,§§310,311. 3.2. Locks/Security• Requirement: Means of egress(i.e.,windows and/or doors)from dwellings shall have locks. 3.2.1.Following each change in tenancy,the locking devices on the dwelling unit entrydoors shall be changed. 3.2.2.Dwelling unit entry doors shall be equipped with a dead bolt lock with a minimum throw ofone inch(2.54 cm)that is capable of being opened from the interior side without a key and a device that permits the occupant to see a person at the entry door without fully opening the door. 3.2.3.Exterior doors on multifamily buildings with a common entry that leads into a foyer or hallway shall have a self-closing mechanism and shall be equipped with a locking device capable of being opened from the interior side without a key. National Healthy Housing Standard page 35 3.2.4.Exterior windows that are capable of being opened and are potential means of entry shall be equipped with a lock on the interior side. Rationale: Inadequate home security may result in a fear of a possible burglary occurrence or recurrence,stress caused by a burglary,and injuries caused to occupants by an intruder(aggravated burglary).The most common harm suffered as a result of burglary or fear of burglary is emotional stress.The emotional impact is greater for burglaries where there is successful entry to the dwelling.The risk of entry increases with declining levels of security. References: • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.qov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operating_guidance_hhrs_vl.pdf 3.3. Smoke Alarm. Requirement: Every dwelling unit shall have a functioning smoke alarm located on the ceiling outside each sleeping area in the immediate vicinityofthe bedrooms,in each additional room used for sleeping purposes,and on every level except crawlspaces and uninhabitable attics.In dwellings or dwelling units with split levels that have no door between adjacent levels,the smoke alarm installed on the upper level shall sufficeforthe adjacent lower level.In theeventa smoke alarm sounds,the cause of the alarm condition shall be identified and corrected. 3.3.1.In multifamily housing,a tamper-proof smoke detection system(interconnected with a central fire alarm system)or stand-alone smoke alarms in good working condition shall be installed on each level including basements,in heating system and storage rooms,in garages,and in other common areas. 3.3.2.Battery-operated smoke alarms and the battery backup for hardwired smoke alarms shall be powered with long-lasting batteries. 3.3.3.Alternative visual notification shall be provided for hearing-impaired occupants. 0 Stretch Provisions: • Smoke alarms shall be hardwired with battery backup. • Smoke alarm batteries shall be sealed-in and tamper-proof. • Multiple smoke detection stations shall be interconnected. • Every dwelling unit shall have both a photoelectric smoke alarm and an ionization smoke alarm. Rationale: Smokealarmsthatareproperlyinstalled and maintained playa vital role in reducing fire-related deaths and injuries. Having a working smoke alarm reduces the chances of dying in a reported fire by half.When smoke alarms fail to operate,it is usually because batteries are missing,disconnected,or dead.Research has demonstrated that almost one-quarter of smoke alarm failures were due to dead batteries.Interconnection of smoke alarms allows the warning to reach all occupants at the same time. Ionization smoke alarm sensors are best suited to detect smoke from highly combustible materials that can create flaming fires,such as flammable liquids,newspapers,and paint cleaning solutions.Photoelectric models are best suited for living rooms,bedrooms,and kitchens,which often contain large pieces offurniture,such as sofas,chairs, mattresses,countertops,et cetera,which will burn slowly and create more smoldering smoke than flames. References: • Cleary,T.(2009).Performance ofdual photoelectric/ionization smoke alarms in full-scalefiretests.Gaithersburg, MD:National Institute of Science and Technology Building and Fire.Research Laboratory.Retrieved from http:// www.nfpa.orq/-/media/files/trai ni nq/conference%20a nd%20expo/2009%20proceed i nqs/performance_of combination_photelectric-ionization_smoke_ala.pdf National Healthy Housing Standard page 36 • International Code Council.(2012).International fire code,§907. • National Fire Protection Association.(n.d.).Smokealarm safetyat home.Retrieved from:http://www.nfpa.orq/-'/ media/files/safety%20i nformation/safety%20ti p%20sheets/smokealarmssafetytips.pdf 3.4. Fire Extinguisher. Requirement: Fire extinguishers shall be rated Class ABC and shall be readily accessible. 3.4.1.Each dwelling unit shall have at least one 10-pound fire extinguisher in good working condition in or near the kitchen. 3.4.2.In multifamily housing,there shall be fire extinguishers in common areas on each floor and in areas where flammable orcombustible liquids are stored,used,or dispensed.The fire extinguishers shall be located in conspicuous,unobstructed locations that are not obscured from view. e Stretch Provision: • The dwelling shall have an automatic fire sprinkler system that complies with the applicable locally adopted fire code.If the local fire code has no sprinkler requirement or if no local fire code exists,the installed automatic fire sprinkler system shall comply with either the International Fire Code°or the.National Fire Protection Association Standard 1. Rationale: Cooking equipment is the second-leading cause of apartment or multifamily housing fire deaths,ranking only behind smoking.Kitchens are the leading area of origin for home structure fires:approximately two of every five (42 percent)home structure fires started in the kitchen or cooking area.Sixteen percent of the civilian deaths,38 percent of the civilian injuries,and 14 percent of the direct property damage resulted from these fires.Two-thirds (66 percent)ofthe reported apartment or multifamily housing fires and one-third(33 percent)ofthefires'in one-or two-family homes originated in the kitchen.When an extinguisher is used,it put out the fire completely in half of the cases and minimized the fire but did not completely put it out in almost one-quarter of the incidents. Reference: • Ahrens,M.(2013).Homefires involving cooking equipment.Nationa I Fire Protection Association.Retrieved from http)/www.nfpa.orq/research/reports-and-statistics/fire-causes/appliances-and-equipment/cookinq-equipment 3.5. Carbon Monoxide Alarm. Requirement: Every dwelling unit shall have at least one functioning carbon monoxide(CO)alarm on every habitable floor and outside each separate sleeping area,in the immediate vicinity of every bedroom.In the event a CO alarm sounds, the cause of the alarm condition shall be identified and corrected. 3.5.1.Battery-operated CO alarms shall be powered with long-lasting batteries.Hardwired CO alarms shall have long-lasting battery backup. 3.5.2.Alternative visual notification shall be provided for hearing-impaired occupants. 0 Stretch Provisions: • CO alarms and combination smoke/CO alarms shall include voice notification. • If a combination ionization sensor smoke/CO alarm is used,a second smoke alarm utilizing photoelectric smoke sensors shall be installed. • CO alarm batteries shall be sealed-in and tamper-proof. • CO present at or above 30 ppm(35 mg/m3)when measured over one hour,or above nine ppm(10.5 mg/m3) measured over eight hours,shall be deemed hazardous.The cause of a hazardous indoor CO level shall be investigated to identify and eliminate its source. National Healthy Housing Standard page 37 Rationale: CO is a colorless,odorless,and extremely toxic gas.Blood hemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO than it does for oxygen,which means that inhalation of this gas will reduce the ability of the blood to take up oxygen.At high concentrations,CO can cause unconsciousness and death.The highest rate of deaths from CO poisoning occurs in olderage groups,especially in people aged 75-plus years.This may beforseveral reasons,including the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular illness and neurological decline at older ages and the fact that the elderly tend to spend a high proportion of their time at home indoors. At lower concentrations,CO may cause a range of symptoms from headaches,dizziness,weakness,nausea, confusion,and disorientation to fatigue.These symptoms are sometimes confused with influenza and sometimes with depression.In people with ischemic heart disease,it can result in episodes of increased chest pain.CO may also impairfetal development.Those most vulnerable to ill health effects caused by low-level CO exposure include unborn children,infants,children,the elderly,and people with anemia or heart or lung disease. References: • American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Environmental Health.(2012).Carbon monoxide,in Etzel R.A.,ed. Pediatric environmental health,3rd edition.Elk Grove Village,IL:American Academy of Pediatrics,367-377. • National Fire Protection Association.(2012,August 13-14).NFPA technical committee on residential occupancies,NFPA 101 and NFPA 5000first draft meeting minutes.Retrieved from http://www.nfpa.orq/assets/ files/aboutthecodes/101/bld-saf-res_fdminutes-08-12.pdf • National Fire Protection Association.(2009).NFPA 720,Standard for the installation of carbon monoxide(CO) detection and warning equipment. • Underwriters Laboratories.(2009).ANSI/UL2034,Standardforsingleandmultiplestationcarbonmonoxidealarms. • U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission.(2001,January).CPSC recommends carbon monoxide alarm for every home.Retrieved from http://www.cpscgov/en/Recalls/2001/CPSC-Recommends-Carbon-Monoxide- Ala rm-for-Every-Home/ • U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission.(n.d.).Carbon monoxide questions and answers.http://www.cpsc. qov/en/Safety-Education/Safety-Ed ucation-Centers/Ca rbon-Monoxide-I nformation-Center/Carbon-Monoxide- Q uestio ns-a nd-Answers-/ • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).An introduction to indoor air quality(IAQ):Carbon monoxide. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html • World Health Organization.(2010).Guidelines for indoor air quality:Selected pollutants.Copenhagen:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf 9 9 P file/0009/128169/e94535.pdf 3.6.Walking Surfaces. Requirement: Every interiorand exterior stairway,ramp,deck,porch,and balconyshall be maintained structurally sound,in good repair,properly anchored,and capable of supporting the imposed loads. 3.6.1.Treads on exterior stairways shall have nonskid surfaces. 3.6.2.Every interior and exterior stairway with four or more risers shall have at least one structurally sound continuous handrail installed not less than 34 inches(86.7 cm)and not more than 38 inches(96.5 cm), measured vertically from above the nose of the tread.The handrail shall be firmly fastened,capable of supporting a load of 300 pounds,and in good condition.If a side of a stairway is open to the floor or grade below,and the handrail provides the guard required by Subsection 3.7,the rail shall be supported by balusters 34 to 38 inches(86.7 to 96.5 cm)in height,measured vertically from the nose of the tread. National Healthy Housing Standard page 38 e Stretch Provisions: • Every interior and exterior stairway shall have uniform risers and treads.Risers shall be no higher than 73/4 inches(19.6 cm)and treads shall be at least 10 inches(25.4 cm)deep,unless the existing space and construction do not allow a reduction in pitch or slope. • Interior and exterior stairways shall have handrails on both sides.Railings shall have a graspable perimeter measuring four to six inches(10-16 cm),and if noncircular in shape,shall have no sharp corners and a width no smaller than five-eighths inch(1.5 cm). Rationale: Inadequate handrails and railings on stairways,ramps,decks,porches,and balconies can result in slips,trips,and fallsthatcause physical injury,such as bruising;fractures;head,brain,and spinal injuries;and death.The likelihood of a fall is doubled if there is no wall or guarding to one side of the stair.Similarly,the lack of any handrail doubles the likelihood of a fall,even if there is a wall to both sides of the stairs.Stair tread depth affects stability during stair descent.The nature of injury is in part dependent on the distance of a fall,and in part on the nature of the surface onto which the victim falls.Although falls on level ground tend to result in relatively minor injuries as compared to other falls,they occur more frequently. References: • International Code Council.(2012).International residential code,§§311.7,312.1.2,312.1.3,312.2.1. • MetLife.(2013).Theessentials:Fallsandfallprevention.Retrievedfromhttps://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/ publications/essentials/mmi-falls-fall-prevention-essentials.pdf • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.qov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operating_quidanceehhrs_v1.pdf Resources: • Roys,M.(2013).Refurbishing stairs in dwellings to reducethe risk offalls and injuries.Garston,U.K.:IHS Building Research Establishment Press. 3.7. Guards. Requirement 3.7.1.Every stairway,porch,patio,landing,and/or balcony located more than 30 inches(76.2 cm)above an adjacent area shall have a structurally sound guard between 30 inches(76.2 cm)and 42 inches(107 cm)high, measured vertically from the floor.The guard shall be firmly fastened,capable of supporting normally imposed loads,capable of being opened in case of emergency,and in good condition.Balusters with a minimum thickness of one-half inch(13 mm)shall be placed at intervals that do not allow passage of a sphere greater than four(10:2 cm)inches in diameter.There shall be no climbable cross pieces.lfthe balusters do not reach the floor,the narrowest opening between the bottom of the stair guard and the floor shall be a maximum of four inches(10.2 cm). 3.7.2.If the vertical distance from the top of the sill of an exterior window opening to the finished grade or other surface below is greater than 72 inches(183 cm),and the vertical distance from the top of the sill to the floor of the room is less than 36 inches(91.5 cm),the window shall have a fall prevention device compliant with ASTM F2006 or ASTM F2090. 3.7.2:1 The fall prevention device for a window that provides access to a fire escape or is otherwise designated for emergency egress shall be compliant with ASTM F2090. Rationale: Falls can result in physical injury,such as bruising;fractures,'and head,brain,and spinal injuries,as well as death. The nature of injury is in part dependent on the distance of a fall,and in part on the nature of the surface onto which the victim falls.Each year,5,100 children younger than 18 years of age are treated in U.S.hospital emergency departments for injuries related to falls from windows.Such falls account for approximately eight deaths among children ages five and under each year.Falls from windows cause more severe injuries and deaths than any other National Healthy Housing Standard page 39 type offal!.A commercially available window guard designed to swing open to allow escape in the event of a fire costs as little as$20.After window guard requirements took effect in Boston and New York City,the incidence of falls by children from windows decreased 96 percent over10 years. References: • American SocietyofTestingandMaterials.(2010).F2006,Standardsafetyspecificationforwindowfallprevention devices for non-emergency escape(egress)and rescue(ingress)windows. • American SocietyofTestingandMaterials.(2010).F2090,Standardspecificationforwindowfallpreventiondevices with emergency escape(egress)release mechanisms. • City of New York.(2012,June).Rules.Title 24§12,Window guard regulations.Retrieved from http:/Lwww.nyc. qov/html/doh/htmltenvironmental/win-reqs.shtml • Harris,V.,Rochette,L.M.,and Smith,G.(2011,September).Pediatric injuries attributabletofalls from windows in the United States 2001-2008.Pediatrics,128,455-462. • International Code Council.(2012).International property maintenance code,§307.1. • International Code Council.(2013,April).Climbable guards.Retrieved from http://www.iccsafe.orq/cs/CTC/ Documents/0413-meetiinq/ChildWindowSafety.pdf • MetLife.(2013).Theessentials:Fallsandfallprevention.Retrievedfromhttps://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/ publications/essentials/mmi-falls-fall-prevention-essentials.pdf • National Fire Protection Association.(2006).101 Life safety code.§7.2.2.4.5.3. • Nationwide Children's Hospital.(n.d.).Window falls.http://www.nationwidechildrens.orq/cirp-window-falls • Roys,M.(2013).Refurbishing stairs in dwellings to reduce the risk of falls and injuries.Garston,U.K.:IHS Building Research Establishment Press. 3.8. Chemical Storage. Requirement: 3.8.1.Each dwelling unit shall have a cabinet or other storage space that is lockable or not readily accessible to children for the storage of medicine and household chemical agents. 3.8.2.Storage space for flammable and combustible liquids shall be available either in a building separate from the dwelling's habitable space or in an adjacent spacethat is not connected to the dwelling's ventilation system. Rationale: Poison control centers answer more than 3.6 million calls each year,or one call every eight seconds.According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers,children younger than six years old account for about half of the calls placed to poison centers.A flammable or combustible liquid,gas,or associated piping or filter is the main contributor in four percent of fires and eight percent of fire-caused deaths. References: • American Association of Poison Control Centers.(n.d.).www.aapcc.orq • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Poison Prevention Program.(n.d.).http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ health/poisonprevention.htm 3.9. Pools,Hot Tubs,and Other Water Features. Requirement: 3.9.1.Swimming pools,hot tubs,spas(except a residential spa or hot tub with a safety cover complying with ASTM F 1346-91),ornamental ponds,and other water features that hold water more than 24 inches(61 cm) in depth shall be completely surrounded by a fence or barrier at least 48 inches(122 cm)in height above the finished ground level that is accessible only through a self-closing and self-latching gate.The gate's latch shall National Healthy Housing Standard page 40 be located 54 inches(137 cm)above the bottom of the gate on the interior side of the gate facing the water feature.The fence and gate shall not have climbable crosspieces. 3.9.2.All pools and spas shall have anti-entrapment drain covers compliant with ANSI/ASME A112.19.8,ANSI/ APSP 16-2011,or any successor standard on every suction outlet. 3.9.3.Pool drains and drain covers shall be clearly visible and in good repair.Where there is a single main drain (other than an unblockable drain),a second anti-entrapment system shall be installed. 3.9.4.Luminaries,receptacles,and other outlets shall have ground-fault circuit interrupter(GFCI)protection. Rationale: It takes only inches of water for a small child to drown,so taking extra safety steps at home and around pools, spas,and all bodies of water can prevent drowning incidents.The majority of deaths and injuries in pools and spas involve children ages one to two and occur in residential settings.Drowning is the leading cause of unintentional death to children ages one to four and the second-leading cause of injury-related death in children aged one to 14 years in the U.S. Children can become entrapped and held under water by suction openings in broken,uncovered,or poorly covered drains.Hair,jewelry,and bathing suit entanglement,as well as the lodging of arms,legs,fingers,or other body parts can poseentrapment hazards.Sitting on a broken or uncovered drain maycauseevisceration injuries or disembowelment. References: • Consumer Product Safety Commission.(n.d.).Requirements for public pools.Retrieved from http://www. poolsafely.gov/industry-operators-professionals/public-pool-requirements/ • Consumer Product Safety Commission.(n.d.).Safety barrier guidelines for residential pools.Retrieved from http://www.poolsafely.gov/wp-content/uploads/362.pdf • International Code Council.(2012).International property maintenance code,§§303,605.3. • International Code Council.(2012).International residential code,§E4203. • Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and.Spa Safety Act.15 U.S.C.§§8001-8008.(2007). National Healthy Housing Standard page 41 4. LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 4.1. Electrical System. Requirement: Every dwelling unit shall have electric service,outlets,and fixtures that are grounded and installed properly, maintained in good and safe working condition,and connected to a source of electric power. 4.1.1.Everydwelling unit shall be supplied with athree-wire,120/240-volt,single-phase electrical service that is not shared with another dwelling unit. 4.1 2.Temporary wiring or extension cords shall not be used as permanent wiring. Stretch Provision: • The electrical service shall have a rating of not less than 100 amperes. Rationale: Faulty electrical systems result in fires,damage to property,burns,injuries,and death.In residential settings, children are more likelyto be injured than adults,primarilyfrom inserting household objects into electrical outlets. References: • Electrical Safety Foundation International.(n.d.).Electrical safety workbook:A guide to understanding and maintaining your home's electrical system.Retrieved from www.esfi.orq • U.S.FireAdministration.(n.d.).Electricalfiresafetyoutreachmaterials.RetrievedfromhttpJ/www.usfa.fema.gov/ citizens/home_fire_prev/electricalshtm 4.2. Outlets. Requirement: Every habitable room shall have at least two separate and remote grounded duplex electric receptacle outlets. 4.2.1.Each kitchen and each room containing a toilet,sink,bathtub,or shower stall shall have at least one grounded duplex electric receptacle outlet protected by ground-fault circuit interrupter(GFCI). 4.2.2.Receptacle outlets in garages,crawl spaces,unfinished basements,and outdoors shall be protected by GFCIs. CEJ Stretch Provisions: • Habitable rooms shall have sufficient receptacle outlets so that no location on a wall is more than six feet from an outlet. • Every countertop space 12 inches(305 mm)or wider shall have a grounded duplex electric convenience receptacle outlet protected by a GFCI.No section of counter shall be more than 24 inches(610 mm) measured horizontally from an outlet. • Receptacle outlets in habitable rooms that are not protected by GFCIs shall be protected by arc-fault circuit interrupters(AFCIs). Rationale: Unlike circuit breakers and fuses,GFCIs are installed to protect the user from electrocution.These devices provide protection against electrical shock and electrocution from ground faults or contact with live parts by a grounded individual.They constantly monitor electrical currentsflowing into a product.lfthe electricityflowing through the product differs even slightlyfrom that returning,the GFCI will quickly shut off the current.GFCIs detect amounts of electricity much smaller than those required for a fuse or circuit breaker to activate and shut off the circuit.UL lists three types of GFCIs designed for home usethatare readily available,fairly inexpensive,and simple to install.AFCIs prevent electrical fires by protecting branch circuits. National Healthy Housing Standard page 42 References: • International Code Council.(2012).International residential code.§E3901,E3902.1. • NationalFireProtectionAssociation.(2013).Standard70,nationslelectricalcode.Retrievedfromhttp://www.nfpa. orq/70 • U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development.(2006). Healthyhousing referencemanual.Retrievedfromwww.cdc.gov/nceh/publications/books/housing/housing.htm 4.3. Natural Lighting. Requirement: Every habitable room shall receive daylight from at least one exterior window or skylight. 4.3.1.1f a habitable room receives daylight from an adjacent room or area used seasonally,such as a porch,the daylight through this interconnection shall be available year-round. 4.3.2.Every bathroom and kitchen shall complywiththedaylight requirementfor habitable rooms contained in this section,unless the room is equipped with a ventilation system consistent with Subsection 5.3. Rationale: Research has revealed a strong relationship between light and human physiology.The effects of light on both the human eye and human skin are notable.Light allows us to see and affects body rhythms and psychological health. Lack of natural lighting has been linked to depression. References: • International Code Council.(2012).International property maintenance code,§402..1,403.2.. • U.S.Centers for Disease Control&Prevention and U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development.(2006.) Healthyhousing referencemanual.Retrievedfrom www.cdc.gov/nceh/publications/books/housing/housing.htm. • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operatinq_guidance_hhrs_v1.pdf 4.4. Artificial Lighting. Requirement Each room containing a toilet,sink,bathtub,or shower stall shall contain at least one ceiling-or wall-typeelectric lighting fixture.Each non-habitable room,including laundry rooms,furnacerooms,and publichalls,shall contain at least one ceiling-or wall-type electric lighting fixture. 4.4.1.Light switchesthat control ceiling-orwall-type electric light fixtures shall be located convenientlyforsafe use. 4.4.2.Every public hall,exterior entry door,and stairway in multifamily housing shall be illuminated at all times by ceiling-or wall-type electric lighting fixtures providing 800 lumens for every 200 ft2(18.6 m2)offloor area.The distance between light fixtures shall not be greater than 30 feet(762 cm). 4.4.3.In a building containing one or two dwelling units,every public hall,exterior entry door,and stairway shall be illuminated byceiling-orwall-type electric lighting fixtures providing 800 lumens for every 200ft2(18.6 m2)of floor area that is controlled by a three-way switch or a motion-activated device. Stretch Provisions: Polychlorinated-biphenyl(PCB)-containing lighting ballasts(e.g.,older pre-1978 T-12 lighting ballasts)shall be removed,replaced with lighting fixtures that do not contain PCBs,and disposed of in accordance with applicable state and federal regulations. National Healthy Housing Standard page 43 • The lighting fixtures in public halls,stairways,and entries shall provide 1600 lumens for every 200 ft2(18.6 m2) of floor area. • The parking areas and walkways of multifamily housing shall be illuminated by outdoor lighting devices suitable for the premises. Rationale: Adequate lighting is important in allowing people to see unsanitary conditions and to prevent injury,thus contributing to a healthier and safer environment.Improper indoor lighting can also contribute to eyestrain from inadequate illumination,glare,and flicker.Artificial light is particularly important where domestic tasks require adequate light;for example,in the kitchen over worktops,sinks,and ranges. References: • International Code Council.(2012).International property maintenance code,§402.2. • U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention arid U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2006).Healthy housing reference manual.Retrieved from www.cdc.qov/nceh/publications/books/housinq/ housinq.htm • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http//portal.hud.gov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operatinq guidance hhrs v1.pdf • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(2012).Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)manufacturing,processing, distribution in commerce,and use prohibitions.Retrieved from www.epa.qov/pcb • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).Compact fluorescent light bulbs.Retrieved from http://www2.epa;qov/cfl National Healthy Housing Standard page 44 5. THERMAL COMFORT, VENTILATION, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY 5.1. Heating,Ventilation,and Air Conditioning Systems. Requirement: Facilitiesfor heating,cooling,ventilation,and humidity control shall be maintained in good working condition and operated when necessaryforthe health and comfort of the occupants and in accordance with the design capacity ofthe installed equipment.Within 48 hoursafterequipment has become inoperative dueto a mechanical problem or power failure other than a utility outage,an alternative safe source of necessary heating,ventilating,or cooling shall be provided. 5.2. Heating System. Requirement: Except in Climate Zone 1,every dwelling shall have a properly installed heating system in good and safe working condition that is capable of safely and adequately heating all habitable rooms,bathrooms,and toilet rooms.The heating system,filtration components,distribution components,heating elements,and cooling elements(if provided),shall be sealed,cleaned,maintained,and operated in accordance with manufacturer specifications and shall be inspected and serviced annually bya licensed heating,ventilation,and airconditioning systems contractor. 5.2.1.Venting and Air Supply for Heating Equipment.Furnaces,water heaters,wood stoves,and other devices that employ combustion-burning fuel shall be vented to the outside of the structure in an approved mannerthat meets manufacturer specifications and is in compliance with applicable codes and standards(e.g., ANSI 223.1/NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code,NFPA 31 Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, NFPA 211 Standard for Chimneys,Fireplaces,Vents,and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances)and shall be supplied with sufficient air to support the continuous complete combustion of fuel and prevent backdrafting. 5.2.2.Minimum Heat Temperature.The heating system shall be capable of maintaining a minimum room temperature of 68°F(20°C)in every habitable room,bathroom,and toilet room. 5.23.Heating Supply.If the dwelling unit is rented,leased,or let on terms either expressed or implied that heat will be supplied,heat shall be provided to maintain a minimum temperature of 68°F(20°C)in habitable rooms,bathrooms,and toilet rooms;and at no time during the heating season shall the system allow the temperature to exceed 78°F(25°C)in any room. 5.2.4.Forced-Air Systems.Any dwelling with a forced-air system shall have at least one thermostat within each dwelling unitcapable ofcontrolling the heating system,and cooling system if provided,to maintain temperatureset point between 55°F(13°C)and 85°F(29°C)at differenttimes ofthe day.The system shall have a clean airfilter installed in accordancewith manufacturer specifications at each changeintenancyand at least annually.Thisfiltershall havea minimum efficiency reporting value of eight(MERV-8)unless the system is notequipped to use a MERV-8 filter. 5.2.5.Steam and Hot Water Systems.In dwellings with heating equipment utilizing steam or hot water with a temperature of 110°F(43°C)or greater,protective covers/barriers shall be installed on and maintained for exposed surfaces of baseboard units,radiators,and piping between radiators. 5.2.6.Wood Stoves.A wood stove manufactured after June,1988 shall have a manufacturer's label certifying compliance with the emission standard at 40 C.F.R.§60 part AAA.Clearance of 30 inches(76 cm)shall be maintained between combustible materials and a stove with no heat shield.Where a heat shield is present,the clearance between combustible materials and the stove shall be compliant with manufacturer specification for the heat shield. 0 Stretch Provisions: Any new combustion heating equipment installed in occupied or conditioned spaces shall be power-vented or sealed(direct-vented)combustion equipment. ° The heating system shall be controlled by a programmable thermostat to avoid temperature extremes. National Healthy Housing Standard page 45 • The dwelling shall have provisions to maintain the indoor temperature below a maximum of 85°F(29°C) through the use of mechanical air conditioning,ventilation systems,or passive design features. • Air filters shall be replaced at least every three months. Rationale: Exposure to cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia,frostbite,and death.There is a continuous relationship between indoortemperatureandvulnerabilitytocold-relateddeath.Astemperaturesrise,thermalstressincreases, initiallytriggering the body's defense mechanisms,such as sweating.High temperatures can increase dehydration, cardiovascular strain,and trauma,and,when temperatures exceed 77°F(25°C),cause mortality and stroke. Poorly maintained HVAC systems may pose safety risks,including fire and explosion hazards and exposure to combustion-related chemical and physical agents,such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter.Exposure to carbon monoxide can lead to headaches,nervous systems effects,and asphyxiation. References: • Anderson,G.B.,Dominici,F,Wang,Y.,McCormack,M.C.,Bell,M.L.,&Peng,R.D.(2013).Heat-related emergency hospitalizationsforrespiratorydiseasesintheMedicarepopulation.AmericanJournalofRespiratoryandCriticalCare Medicine,187(10),1098-1103.Retrievedfrom http://www.atsjournals.orq/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.201211-19690C • International Code Council.(2009).International energy conservation code,Table 402.1.1. • International Code Council.(2012)International property maintenance code.§§603.2,603.5,602.2.2,602.2.3. • Ostro,B.,Rauch,S.,Green,R.,Malig,B.&Basu,R.(2010).The effects of temperature and use of air conditioning on hospitalizations.AmericanJournalofEpidemiology,172(9),1053-1061.Retrievedfrom http://aje.oxfordjournals. orq/content/172/9/1053.abstract?sid=d5111 b06-c02a-4bd4-863a-27ba95c0a75a • Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters,40 C.F.R.60 Subpart AAA(1988). • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from httpa/portal.hud.gov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operatinq quidance_hhrs_vl.pdf • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).An introduction to indoor airquality(IAQ):Carbon monoxide(CO). http://www.epa.qov/iaq/co.html Resources: • Air Conditioning Contractors of America.(2010).HVAC quality installation specification,ANSI/ACCA 9.Retrieved from httpsJ/www.acca.orq/Files/?id=693 • Building Performancelnstitute.(2012).Homeenergyauditingstandard,BPI-1100-T-2012.http✓/www.bpi.org/files/ pdf/BPI-11.00-T-2012_Home%20 Energy Auditing_Standard.pdf • Department of Energy and National Renewable Energy Laboratory.Heating and cooling,forced air,system assessment and maintenance.Standard work specifications.Retrieved from httpsJ/sws.nrel.gov/spec/53003 • NationalAirDuctCleanersAssociation.(2013).ACR,theNADCAstandardforassessment,cleaning,and restoration of HVAC systems.Retrieved from http://info.associationheadquarters.com/2013-acr • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).Wood heater compliance monitoring program.Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oecaerth/monitori nq/proq ra ms/caa/wood h eate rs.htm I • US.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).Remodeling your home?Have you considered indoor air quality? Combustion appliance backdrafting.Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/homes/hipbackdraftinq National Healthy Housing Standard page 46 5.3. Ventilation. Requirement: Natural or mechanical ventilation,or a combination of the two,shall deliver fresh air to every habitable room and bathroom and be capable of removing moisture-laden air and other contaminants generated during cooking, bathing,and showering. 5.3.1.Every dwelling shall have a ventilation system compliant with ASHRAE Standard 62.2(Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings)or ASHRAE 62.1 (Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality)as applicable to the dwelling. 5.3.2.The air exhausted from a bathroom,toilet room,kitchen,clothes dryer,or basement shall not be vented into any other parts of the building's habitable space or an attic;such air shall discharge directly to the outdoors but not near any intake on the building exterior. 5.3.2.1.The exhaust vent from a clothes dryer shall consist of a rigid or corrugated semi-rigid metal duct. 5.3.3.Pipes,ducts,conductors,fans,and blowers shall not discharge gases,steam,vapor,hot air,g rease,smoke, odors,or other gaseous or particulate wastes directly upon abutting or adjacent public or private property or that of another occupant.Vent pipe openings and any pest-proofing screens that cover them shall be maintained free of debris. 5.3.4.Basement air shall not be used as supply air for an air handling system. 0 Stretch Provision: • HVAC equipment shall have the capacity to maintain indoor relative humidity(RH)at or below 60 percent. Rationale: Propercirculation ofoutdoorventilation airthroughouta habitable space,naturallythrough openings in the building envelope and/or mechanically using fans and HVAC systems,is important todiluteand removeairborne indoor chemical agents,and reduceairbornetransmission ofbiolog ical agents,humidity,and mold.lnadequateventilationalso increases carbon dioxide in habitablespaces,which mayyield drowsiness and headachesand can result in elevated levelsofvolatile organicchemicalsthatoff-gasfrom interiordwellingcomponents.inadequateventilationalso increases interior humidity. Studiesshowtheassociation betweendampnessand poor health.Da mp environments areassociated withtheg rowth of dust mites,cockroaches,and mold:Someofthe health effects include worsened asthma,wheezing,nausea and vomiting, headaches,fever,and diarrhea.Inadequately maintained or operated HVAC systems can lead to microbial growth. References: • AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAir-ConditioningEngineers.(2013).62.2Standard,Ventilationand acceptableindoorairqualityin low-rise residential buildings.Retrievedfrom https://www.ashrae.orq/resources-- pu bl ications/bookstore/standards-62-1--62-2 • American SocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAir-Conditioning Engineers.(2013).62.1-1 Standard,Ventilation and acceptable indoor air quality.Retrieved from https✓/www.ashrae.orq/resources--publications/bookstore/ standards-62-1--62-2 • InternationalCodeCouncil.(2009).Internationalenergyconservationcode.Table301.1 and Figure301.1.Retrieved from http://energycode.pnl.gov/EnergyCodeRegs/ • International Code Council.(2012).International property maintenance code.§§403.1,403.2,403.5,302.6. • Krieger,J.,&Higgins,D.L.(2002,May).Housing and health:Time again for public health action.American Journal of Public Health,92(5),758-768. • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.(n.d.).Indoor environmental quality.Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/buildinqventilation.html National Healthy Housing Standard page 47 • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).IndoorairPLUS program.Retrieved from http://epa.gov/iaplus0l/ • Wisconsin Department of Public Health Services.(n.d.).Carbon dioxide fact sheet.Retrieved from http://www. dhs.wisconsin.qov/eh/chemfs/fs/carbondioxide.htm Resources: • Enterprise Community Partners.(2011).2011 Enterprise green communities criteria,92-94.Retrieved from http://www.enterprisecomm unity.com/servlet/servlet.FileDownload?file=00Pa000000FxwvN EAR 5.4. Air Sealing. Requirement: Openings into dwellings and dwelling units shall be sealed to limit uncontrolled air movement. 5.4.1.Exterior doors,windows and skylights,openings where siding and chimneys meet,utility penetrations, electrical outlets,and other openings shall be weathertight. 5.4.1.1.Pads,door sweeps,weather stripping,and seals shall be used and maintained to minimize air leaks. 5.4.2.Openings separating an attached garage from a habitable room,including doors,ceilings,floors,and utility and ductwork penetrations,shall be sealed. 5.4.2.1.Any doorway between a habitable room and a garage shall be equipped with a wood door not less than 13/s inches(35 mm)in thickness,a solid or honeycomb core steel door not less than 13/8 inches(35 mm) thick,or a 20-minute fire-rated door.The door shall have an automatic closing mechanism and be sealed with weather stripping. 5.4.2.2.There shall be no door,window,or other opening from a garage into a room used for sleeping purposes. 5.4.3.Heating and air conditioning system ductwork and air handling units located in an attached garage shall be correctly insulated and sealed. 5.4.3.1.There shall be no supply or return vent openings in a garage that connect to air handlers serving habitable spaces. 5.4.4.In a multifamily building,walls,ceilings,and floors that separate a dwelling unit from neighboring units, corridors,chases,stairwells,and other openings shall be sealed. 0 Stretch Provision: Air handling equipment and associated ductwork shall be relocated from a garage to an area within the conditioned space. Rationale: Controlling air leakage into homes can save the occupant money by making the home energy efficient and can prevent health problems associated with moisture.Airborne moisture can lead to mold growth,which causes respiratory distress in children and adults,including those with asthma,allergies,or other respiratorydiseases.Air- sealing and isolation ofattached garages is importantto prevent migration ofcarbon monoxide and otherairborne chemical agents(e.g.,from vehicle exhaust,fuels,solvents,and other chemicals stored or used in the garage)into habitable rooms.Sealing of each unit can help prevent migration of smoke,cooking odors,noise,radon,pests,and other elements into the dwelling unit. References: • International Code Council.(2012).International residential code.§3025.1. • JacksonviilleEnergyAuthority.(2013).Gettoknowyourhome'senvelope.Retrievedfromhttps:/Lwww.lea.com/ Manage My Account/Ways_to_Save/Savinq_By_Room/Whole House/Wholehouse.aspx National Healthy Housing Standard page 48 Resources: • American.Society of Heating,Refrigerating,and Air-Conditioning Engineers.(2013).62.1 Standard,Ventilation and acceptable indoor airquality.Retrieved from https://www.ashrae.orq/resources--publications/bookstore/ standards-62-1--62-2 • American SocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAir-Conditioning Engineers.(2013).62:1-2Standard,Ventilation andacceptableindoorairqualityinlow-riseresidential buildings.Retrievedfrom httpsf/www.ashrae.org/resources- -publications/bookstore/standards-62-1--62-2 • National Renewable Energy Laboratory.(2014).Standard work specifications for home energy upgrades,detail 3.1501.1:Penetrations,cracks,anddoorsbetweengarageand house.Standardworkspecificationstool.Retrieved from https//sws.nrel.qov/spec/315011 • National Renewable Energy Laboratory.(2014).Standard work specifications for home energy upgrades,detail 6.6188.1:Ventilation,special consideration,removing supplyventsfrom garages.Standard work specifications tool.Retrieved from https://sws.nrel.gov/spec/661881 National Healthy Housing Standard page 49 6. MOISTURE CONTROL, SOLID WASTE, AND PEST MANAGEMENT 6.1. Moisture.Prevention and Control. Requirement: Every foundation,roof,roofing component,exterior wall,door,skylight,and window shall be watertight, weathertight,free of persistent dampness or moisture,and in good condition. 6.1.1.The building's drainage system,such as footing or foundation drains,gutters,downspouts,rainwater collection containers,or other elements,shall direct water away from the structure. 6.1.2.Exterior wood surfaces shall be protected from the elements and decay by paint or other protective treatment.Weep holes in brickwork shall be left open. 6.1.3.Premises shall be graded and maintained to prevent the erosion of soil and to prevent the accumulation of water on the premises,within a crawlspace,or within the structure. 6.1.4.Interior and exterior surfaces and surface coverings,such as but not limited to carpet,wood,cellulose insulation,and paper,paint,and other wall coverings,including paper-faced gypsum board,shall have no signs of visible mold growth or chronic or persistent excessive dampness or moisture. 6.1.5.Building material that is discolored or deteriorated by mold or mildew or causes a moldy or earthy odor shall be cleaned,dried,and repaired.Structurally unsound material shall be removed and replaced. 6.1.5.1.Removal and repair of moldy material shall be conducted in accordance with New York City's GuidelinesonAssessmentandRemediationofFungi inlndoorEnvironments,thelnstituteoflnspection,Cleaning, and RestorationCertification'slICRCS520Standardand ReferenceGuideforProfessionalMold Remediation,orthe EPA guidelines for Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. 6.1.6.The underlying cause of excessive dampness or moisture or moldy or earthy odor shall be investigated and corrected. 6.1.7.Cold HVAC and plumbing components and systems(e.g.,chilled-water pipes and valves,refrigerant piping,and valves)in readily accessible locations shall be sufficiently and continuously insulated to keep the temperature of their surfaces at least 10°F(4°C)above the dew point of the surrounding air. 6.1.8.Unless the crawl space is sealed and insulated from the outdoors,the crawl space shall be free of high- moisture conditions or be separated from the dwelling by an air seal or other method suitable to the climate and conditions. e Stretch Provisions: • Exterior weather-resistant barrier systems shall be used to reduce potential for water leaks and moisture intrusion. o Water/mold-resistant materials shall be used on bathroom walls and floors,showers,and other areas of the home that are likely to be exposed to moisture. • In warm-humid and mixed-humid climates: - Exterior wall insulations shall not include a vapor barrier/retarder material on the interior side(such as plastic sheeting orfoil facing),with the exception of closed-cell foam insulation(spray or rigid),kraft-faced insulation,and seasonally adjusting membranes. - There shall be no vinyl wallpaper or other impermeable interior finish on the interior surface of exterior walls within an air-conditioned dwelling. - Exterior drainable rigid insulation systems shall be used to reduce wall assembly condensation risk. o The building and its systems shall meet the following moisture management criteria: - When the building is being mechanically cooled,ventilation air shall be dried to a dew point value below the building's dew point. National Healthy Housing.Standard page 50 - Condensation inside HVAC components and air distribution ductwork shall be drained to an appropriate sanitary drain or condensate collection system. - Indoor surfaces of both occupied and unoccupied spaces shall not be cooled to temperatures so low as to create an average surface relative humidity(RH)of over 80 percent that lasts for more than 30 days on visible surfaces in occupied spaces and surfaces inside building cavities and unconditioned space. - Indoor dew point shall be low enough to ensure no condensation occurs on the exposed surfaces of cool HVAC components or on building materials or furnishings. - Humidifiers shall be sized,installed,and controlled so they do not overload the air with humidity,which increases the riskof condensation inside airdistribution systems and exteriorwalls and roofing assemblies. Rationale: Damp indoor environments can increase the presence of biological agents such as mold,dust mites,and bacteria. These environments may also attract pests and cause building materials to deteriorate.Exposure to allergens can trigger allergic symptoms such as rhinitis,conjunctivitis,eczema,cough,and wheeze.For a sensitized person, repeated exposure can lead to asthma,and it appears that the severity of the asthma intensifies with increasing humidity,house dust mite,and mold levels.There is an association between dampness and upper respiratorytract symptoms,cough,wheeze,and asthma symptoms in sensitized persons.In addition there is limited or suggestive evidence that damp indoor environments are associated with dyspnea,lower respiratory illness in children,and asthma development. Somefungi,particularly when in very high concentrations,can also colonize the airways of susceptible individuals, particularly asthmatics.Toxins from some molds(mycotoxins)can cause nausea and diarrhea,can suppress the immune system,and have been implicated in cases of pulmonary hemorrhage. References: • AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAir-Conditioning Engineers.(2012).Positiondocumentonlimiting indoormoldanddampnessin building s.Retrievedfrom https.//www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/docLib/About%20 Us/PositionDocuments/Position Document-Lumitinq-lndoor-Mold and-Dampness in Buildings pdf • Institute of Medicine.(2004).Damp indoor spaces and health.Washington,DC:The National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Damp-Indoor-Spaces-and-Health.aspx • International Code Council.(2012).International property maintenance code,§§304.2,302.2. • Mendell,M.J.,Mirer,A.G.,Cheung,K.,My,T.,&Douwes,J.(2011).Respiratory and allergic health effects of dampness,mold,and dampness related agents:A reviewofthe epidemiologic evidence,Environmental Health Perspectives,119,748-756.doi:10.1289/ehp.1002410 • Pestka,J.J.,Yike,I.,Dearborn,D.G.,Ward,M.D.W.,&Harkema,J.R.(2008,July).Stachybotrys chartarum, trichothecene mycotoxins,and damp building-related illness:New insights into a public health enigma. ToxicologicalSciences,104(1),4-26.Retrievedfrom http//toxsci.oxfordjoumals.orq/content/104/1/4.full.pdf+html • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http//portal.hud.qov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operatinq quidance_hhrs_vl.pdf • World HealthOrganization.(2010).Technicalandpolicyrecommendationstoreducehealthrisksduetodampness and mould.Copenhagen:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.Retrieved from http://www. euro.who.int/ data/assets/pdf file/0015/121425/E92998.pdf Resources: • Federal Emergency Management Agency.(2005,November).Initial restoration for flooded buildings.Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1604-20490-7953/fema549 apndx e_ra2.pdf • Federal Emergency Management Agency.(2013,May 1).Hurricane Sandy recovery fact sheet no.1: Cleaning flooded buildings.Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1381405548275- ec9f9b9de186f1874b92ecda6c33182b/SandyFactsheet 1 Clean inq Flooded Bldgs508_FI NAL2.pdf National Healthy Housing Standard page 51 • Institute of Inspection,Cleaning,and Restoration Certification.(2006).IICRC S500:2006 standard and reference guide for professional water damage restoration(Second ed.).Retrieved from http://www.iicrc.org/standards/ • Institute of Inspection,Cleaning and Restoration Certification.(2010).5520-Standard and reference guide for professional mold remediation.Retrieved from http//www.iicrc.orq/standards/ • New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.(2008).Guidelines on assessment and remediation offungi in indoorenvironments.Retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/epi-mold- quidelines.pdf • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory&Oak Ridge National Laboratory.(2010).Guide to determining climate regionsbycounty.Retrievedfromhttp//appsl.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/building america/ ba climateguide 7 1.pdf • U.S.EnvironmentaIProtectionAgency.(2010,September).Abriefguidetomold,moisture,andyourhome(NSCEP Publication No.EPA 402-K-02-003).Washington,DC:National Service Center for Environmental Publications. Retrieved from http://www.epa.qov/mold/moldquide.html • U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2008,September).Moldremediationinschoolsandcommercial buildings (NSCEP Publication No.EPA 402-K-01-001).Washington,DC National Service Center for Environmental Publications.Retrieved from http//ww.w.epa.gov/mold/mold remediation.html 6.2. Solid Waste. Requirement: Every dwelling shall have adequate facilities for temporary storage of trash and recyclable materials. 6.2.1.There shall be trash containers outside the dwelling for the storage of trash awaiting collection or disposal.The total capacity of these facilities shall be sufficient to store occupants'trash between scheduled collection times,and shall be placed on a cleanable surface constructed to minimize spillage. 6.2.2.There shall be containers outside the dwelling for recyclable materials awaiting collection,with capacity sufficient to store occupants'recyclable materials between scheduled collection times. 0 Stretch Provision: • Exterior trash and recycling containers shall be placed at least 30feet(nine meters)from the building,unless such space is not available. Rationale: In 2010,Americans generated about 250 million tons of trash and recycled and composted over 85 million tons of this material,equivalent to a 34.1 percent recycling rate.On average,we recycled and composted 1.51 pounds of our individual waste generation of 4.43 pounds per person per day.The risk that poorly stored or accumulated solid waste poses to health is difficult to quantify as little epidemiological work in this area has been reported recently.The potential health outcomes may include gastrointestinal disease(from spread ofinfection)and asthma and allergic rhinitis(from allergens).Household waste may,in addition,present a physical hazard of cuts to young children.Emotional distress is also commonly associated with pest infestations and accumulations of solid waste. Establishing solid wastecollection,storage,and disposal provisions helps reduce pest infestations,the growth and spread of biological agents,odor emissions,and windblown litter. References: • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operating guidance hhrs_vl.pdf • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).Municipal solid waste.http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/ municipal/index.htm National Healthy Housing Standard page 52 6.3. Pest Management.' Requirement: Integrated pest management(IPM)methods shall be used to maintain every dwelling free of infestation,openings that allow pest entry,conditions that harbor pests or provide them with food or water,and visible pest residue or debris. 6.3.1.A pest management professional who has an IPM certification or a person trained in IPM shall develop the IPM program for a multifamily building. 6.3.2.Every dwelling,premise,accessory structure,and fence shall be maintained in good repair,free of pest infestation,and inspected for pests and building conditions that attract and support pests. 6.3.2.1.There shall be no accumulation of trash,paper,boxes,lumber,scrap metal,food,or other materials that support rodent harborage in or about any dwelling or premises.Stored materials shall be placed in boxes or stacked in stable piles elevated at least six inches(152 mm)above the ground or floor and at least six inches(152 mm)from the walls.Stored materials shall not block any egress routes. 6.3.2.2.There shall be no trees,shrubs,or other plantings in the soil within six inches(152 mm)of any dwelling. 6.3.2.3.There shall be no accumulation of water in or about any dwelling or premises. 6.3.3.Every openable window and storm door shall be supplied with adequate screens to prevent the entry of pests. 6.3.4.There shall be no holes or open joints in exterior walls,foundations,slabs,floors,or roofs that equal or exceed one-eighth inch(3 mm). 6.3.4.1.The areas surrounding windows,doors,pipes,drains,wires,conduits,vents,and other openings that penetrate exterior walls shall be sealed with low-VOC caulk or closed cell insulation. 6.3.5.Pest infestation and the underlying cause shall be eliminated using control methods consistent with IPM, such as exclusion,sanitation,and least-risk pesticides scaled to and designed for the targeted infestation. 6.3.5.1.Foggers and organic phosphates shall not be used to control or eliminate pests. Rationale: Poorly stored food waste will attract pests.These pests may then come into contact with food before it is prepared or eaten or may come into direct contact with persons.Rodents have long been linked to property destruction and disease.Rodents are known to be infected with pathogenic organisms,including zoonotic agents such as Yersinia entercolitica(Yersiniosis),Listeriaspp(Listeriosis),Cryptosporidium parvum(Cryptosporidiosis),Toxoplasmagondii (Toxoplasmosis),Leptospira spp(Leptospiral Jaundice or Weil's disease),Trichinella spiralis,and Trichuris spp (Whipworm infection).Proper food storage,rat-proofing construction,and ensuring good sanitation outside the home have served to eliminate or reduce rodent problems in the 21st century home. Children who live in dwellings infested with cockroaches show high levels of sensitivity to cockroach allergen. Contact with cockroaches can cause dermatitis,uticaria,rhinitis,bronchitis,and asthma.Some people have an aversion to insects amounting to a phobia and can suffer anxiety when in the presence ofthe insects.Bed bugs are pests of significant public health importance,as are mosquitoes,fleas,and other insects. Integrated pest management(IPM)is the best way to prevent and eliminate pests while preventing unnecessary occupant inhalation and ingestion of poisonous pesticide chemicals.Total release foggers are ineffective as methods in controlling most pests,often counteract less toxic strategies,and can result in resident exposure to toxic chemical agents,and if misused can cause fires,other destruction of property,and loss of life. National Healthy Housing Standard page 53 Certified pest management professionals(PMPs)with knowledge and experience of IPM,and other individuals trained in IPM,can be critical resources for buildings owners and managers. References: • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development—Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control. (2010).Healthy home rating system—Operating guidance.Retrieved from http://portal.hud.qov/hudportal/ documents/huddoc?id=operatinq quidance_hhrs_vl.pdf • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).Pesticides:Controlling pests:Controlling rodents.Retrieved from http://www.epa.qov/pesticides/controllinci/rodents.htm Resources: • City and County of San Francisco.(2013).Pest prevention by design guidelines.Retrieved from http://www. sfenvironment.orq/download/pest-prevention-by-desiqn-quidelines • New YorkCity Department of Health and Mental Hyg iene.(2008,April).Preventing rats on your property:A g uide for property owners and tenants.(EHS Publication No.EHS6356051 -4.08).New York:Author.Retrieved from http://www.nyc.qov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/pest/rodent control.pdf • Stop Pests in Housing Program.(n.d.).www.stoppests.orq • U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development.(2011,April 26).Promotion of integrated pest management(IPM)as an environmentally-sound,economical and effective means to address a major resident concern.(PIH Notice No.2011-22).Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=11- 22pihn.doc National Healthy Housing Standard page 54 7. CHEMICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL AGENTS 7.1. General Requirements. Requirement: All chemical and radiological agents in dwellings,premises,and accessory structures,including but not limited to deteriorated lead-based paint,friable asbestos-containing material,formaldehyde,volatile organic compounds, radon,pesticides,and methamphetamine,shall be contained,stored,removed,or mitigated in a safe and healthy manner consistent with federal,state,and local laws and regulations.When an applicable regulatory limit is more protective than the level included in this section,the more restrictive limit shall apply. 7.2. Lead Based Paint.' Requirement: 7.2.1.Lead levels at or federal regulatory limits pursuant to 40 C.F.R.§745.65 are deemed hazardous:(1) lead-based paint on an existing painted surface-0.5 percent byweightor 1.0 milligrams persquarecentimeter; (2)dust on floors-40 micrograms of lead per square foot of settled dust(pg/ft2);(3)dust on interior window sills-250µg/ft2;(4)duston windowtroughs(wells)-400µg/ft2;(5)bare soil in children's playareas-400 parts per million(ppm)of lead;and(6)bare soil in areas of the yard that are not children's play areas-1,200 ppm. 7.2:2.Painted surfaces shall be maintained intact.With the exception of paint that is tested and found not to contain lead-based paint in accordance with 40 C.F.R.§745.82(a),deteriorated paint at a property built before 1978 shall be repaired in accordance with the renovation requirements of 40 C.F.R.§745 Subpart E,and the underlying cause of the deterioration shall be corrected. 7.2.3.All renovation,repair,and painting work that disturbs a painted surface in a pre-1978 dwelling shall be performed in accordance with the renovation requirements of 40 C.F.R.§745,Subpart E,unless the paint has been tested and found not to contain lead-based paint in accordance with 40 C.F.R.§745.82(a).Dust clearance testing shall be performed at the conclusion of renovation work. 7.2.4.With the exception of paint that is tested and found not to contain lead-based paint in accordance with 40C.F.R.§745.82(a),a painted surface shall not be disturbed using methodsthat involve(1)open-flame burning or torching or operating a heat gun at temperatures above a maximum of 1,100°F(593°C);or(2)power sanding,grinding,power planing,needle gun,abrasive blasting,or sandblasting unless such machines have shrouds or containment systems and a High-Efficiency Particulate Air(NEPA)vacuum attachment that collects dust and debris at the point of generation.The shroud or containment system shall release no visible dust or air outside the shroud or containment system. 7.2.5.Lead-based paint shall not be applied to the interior or exterior surface of any dwelling or dwelling unit. Stretch Provision: ° Lead present at or above the following limits is deemed hazardous:(1)lead-based paint on a friction,impact, or chewable surface,damaged or otherwise deteriorated,or non-intact-0.06 percent by weight;(2)dust on floors-10 micrograms of lead per square foot of settled dust(µg/ft2);(3)dust on interior window sills-100 µg/ft2;and(4)40µg/ft2 on porches. Rationale: Lead is a heavy metal that accumulates in the body when ingested and has toxic effects on the nervous system, cognitive development,and blood-forming systems and numerous other systems production.Sources of lead include lead-based paint and the dust it generates,soil,drinking water,and consumer and other products.Lead- contaminated soil may be found particularly around older buildings contaminated by flaking external paintwork, adjacenttoindustrial premises using(or previously having used)lead,and near busy roads from theexhaustfumes from leaded gasoline.Lead is readily absorbed from the intestinal tract,especially in children,and its absorption is enhanced by dietary deficiency of iron and calcium. Even with relatively low levels of lead in blood,studies show effects on a child's nervous and other systems.The highest riskgroup is young children aged 0-5 years,because of lead's potential effecton neurological development National Healthy Housing Standard page 55 and because physiologicallytheytakeuP lead more readil .Pregnant women and their babies are at risksince lead can pass through the placental barrier. References: • Dixon,S.L.,Gaitens,J.M.,Jacobs,D.E.,Stra uss,W.,Nagaraja,J.,Pivetz,T.,Wilson,J.W.,&Ashley P.J.(2009,March). Exposure of U.S.children to residential dust lead,1999-2004:II.The contribution of lead-contaminated dust to children's blood lead levels.Envi ron menta I Health Perspectives,117(3):468-474.Retrievedfrom http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.qov/pubmed/19337524 • Gaitens,J.M.,Dixon,S.L.,Jacobs,D.E.,Nagaraja,J.,Stra uss,W.,Wilson,J.W.,&Ashley,P.J.(2009,March).Exposure of U.S.children to residential dust lead,1999-2004:1.Housing and demographic factors.Environmental Health Perspectives,117(3):461-467.Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661918/ • Lead Safe Housing Rule,24 C.F.R.§35(1999). • National Center for Healthy Housing et al.(2009).Communication to the Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.nchh.orq/Portals/0/Contents/EPA Lead Standards_Petition Final.pdf • Residential Property Renovation,40 C.F.R.§745 Subpart E(2008). 7.3. Asbestos. Requirement: Everyownershall maintain in good repairall asbestos-containing material on the premises.All asbestos-containing material shall be maintained non-friable and free from any defects such as holes,cracks,tears,and/or looseness that may allow the release of fibers into the environment. 73.1.Friable asbestos-containing material shall be abated by licensed asbestos professionals in accordance with federal,state,or local requirements. 7.3.2.Any renovation,demolition,or other activity that will disturb asbestos-containing materials shall be preceded by asbestos abatement performed by certified asbestos professionals in accordance with federal, state,or local requirements. 73.3.Abatement,removal,and disposal of all asbestos-containing material shall comply with all appropriate federal,state,and local requirements. Rationale: Exposure to asbestos increases the risk of developing lung disease.Disease symptoms may take many years to developfollowingexposure.Asbestosproductswerehistoricallyusedextensivelyinbuilding materials:Vermiculite insulation in homes may be contaminated with asbestos.A mine near Libby,Montana was the source of over 70 percent of all vermiculite sold in the United States from 1919 to 1990.There was also a deposit of asbestos at that mine,so the vermiculite from Libby was contaminated with asbestos.Vermiculite from Libby was used in the majority of vermiculite insulation in the United States and was often sold under the brand name Zonolite. Vermiculite insulation should be assumed to be contaminated with asbestos and should not bedisturbed.Trained professionals must be hired to remove vermiculite insulation.Many asbestos-containing materials continue to be legal to sell and to use.Intact asbestos is not a hazard;it becomes a hazard when it is damaged or deteriorated and releases friable asbestos.The EPA and most states certify or license asbestos inspectors. References: • Agency forToxic Substances and Disease Registry.(2001).Public health statement for asbestos.Atlanta,GA:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Retrieved from:http://www.atsdr.cdc.qov/toxprofiles/phs6l.html • Asbestos National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants.40 C.F.R.§§61.140=157(1971). • U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development.(2006). Healthyhousing referencemanual.Retrievedfromwww.cdc.gov/nceh/publications/books/housing/housinq.htm. • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).Protect your family from asbestos-contaminated vermiculite insu lation.http://www2.epa.gov/asbestos/protect-you r-fa m i ly-asbestos-contaminated-vertu icu lite-insu Iation National Healthy Housing Standard page 56 7.4. Toxic Substances in Manufactured Building Materials Requirement: 7.4.1.Building materials consisting of hardwood plywood,medium-density fiberboard,and particleboard as defined by 15 U.S.C.2697(b)(2)shall not be used in maintenance and renovations within dwellings,unless the materials have been certified to meet the formaldehyde emission standards of 15 U.S.C.2697(b)(2): (1)Hardwood plywood with a veneer core,0.05 parts per million(ppm); (2)Hardwood plywood with a composite core,0.05 ppm; (3)Medium-density fiberboard,0.11 ppm; (4)Thin medium-density fiberboard,0.13 ppm;and (5)Particleboard,0.09 ppm. 7.4.2.Building materials used in maintenance and renovations,including but not limited to paints,coatings, primers,glues,resins,adhesives,and floor coverings,shall be certified as having no volatile organic chemicals (VOCs)or low VOC emissions,and having no halogenated flame retardants(HFRs). Rationale: Formaldehyde is a prominent VOC found in household and construction products.It is a colorless,strong-smelling gas that can cause wateryeyes;burning sensations in the eyes,nose,and throat;nausea;coughing;chesttightness; wheezing;skin rashes;and allergic reactions.Laboratoryanimal studies have revealed thatformaldehydecan cause cancer in animals.Formaldehyde is classified bythe World Health Organization asa known human carcinogen.The most significant source of formaldehyde in homes has been pressed wood products made using adhesives that contain ureaformaldehyde(UF)resins.These products include particleboard(used assubflooring and shelving and in cabinetry and furniture),hardwood plywood paneling(used for decorative wall covering and used in cabinets and furniture),and medium-density fiberboard(used for drawer fronts,cabinets,and furniture tops).Medium- density fiberboard contains a higher resin-to-wood ratio than any other UF pressed wood product and is generally recognized as being the highest formaldehyde-emitting pressed wood product. Pending EPA regulations will implement the Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products Act to limit formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products and finished goods that contain composite wood products in the U.S.The World Health Organizations has recommended a short-term(30-minute)indoor formaldehyde exposure guideline of 0.1 mg/m3 to prevent sensory irritation in the general population. Interior paints and primers,glues,and adhesives may release VOCs,particularly when drying.Exposureto individual VOCs and mixtures ofVOCscan causeoraggravate health conditions,including allergies,asthma,and irritation ofthe eyes,nose,and airways;however,no health-based standards for indoor non-occupational exposure have been set. Halogenated flame retardants(HFRs)used in fabrics,foams,and various plastics disrupt thyroid and estrogen hormones,which can cause developmental effects,such as permanent changes to the brain and to reproductive systems(including reduced sperm count in males and changes to ovarian cell structure in females). References: • Enterprise Communities Partners.(2011).Enterprise green communities criteria.Retrieved from http://www.enterprisecom m un ity.com/servlet/servlet.FileDownload?fi le=00Pa000000FxwvNEAR • Formaldehyde Emission Controls for Certain Wood Products.24 C.F.R.§3280.308.(1984). • Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products Act.15 U.S.C.§2697.(2010). • National Cancer Institute.(n.d.).Formaldehyde and cancer risk.Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/formaldehyde • National Toxicology Program.(2011,June).Report on carcinogens,twelfth edition.Department of Health and Human Services,Public Health Service.Retrieved from http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc12 • Offerman,F.(2009,November).Ventilationand indoorairqualityin newhomes.CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardand California Energy.Retrieved from http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/04-310.pdf National Healthy Housing Standard page 57 • State of California.(2007).Airborne toxic control measures(ATCM)to reduce formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products.California Code of Regulations,Title 17,§§93120-92120.12.Retrieved from http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2007/compwood07/fro-final.pdf • US.Consumer Product Safety Commission.(2013).An update on formaldehyde:2013 revision.Bethesda, MD:Author.Retrieved from http://www.cpsc.gov/PageFiles/121919/AN%2OUPDATE%200N%20 FORMALDEHYDE%20fi na I%200113.pdf • U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2013),Formaldehydeemissionsfromcompositewoodproducts.Retrieved from http://www.epa.qov/oppt/chemtest/formaldehyde/ • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.(2010).WHO guidelines for indoor air quality:Selected pollutants.Copenhagen:Author.Retrievedfromhttp://www.euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf file/0009/128169/ e94535.pdf Resources: • Collaborative for High Performance Schools.(n.d.).High performance products database.Retrieved from http://www.chps.net/dev/Dru pa l/node/445 • Underwriters Laboratories.(n.d.).Greenguard certification from UL Environment:Healthier schools.Retrieved from http://qreenquard.orq/en/HealthierSchools.aspx • Green Seal.(n.d.).Find green products and services.Retrieved from http✓/www.greenseal.orq/ FindGreenSealProductsAndServices.aspx • Healthy Building Network.(n.d.).http://www.healthybuildinq.net/ • MasterPainterslnstitute.(2010,January).MPl introduces"ExtremeGreen'M"paintstandard.Retrievedfromhttp:// www.paintinfo.com/MPlnews/ExtremeGreen Jan2010.shtml • Scientific Certification Systems.(2007,May).SCS-EC10.2-2007:Environmentalcertification program:Indoor air quality performance.Retrieved from http://www.scscertified.com/docs/SCS-EC10.2-2007.pdf 7.5. Radon. Requirement: Radon present at levels at or above the EPA action level of four picocuries radon per liter of air(pCi/L)in the lowest habitable level of the dwelling shall be deemed hazardous.Radon levels shall be determined by an approved testing method in accordance with state and local requirements.Radon levels exceeding four pCi/L shall be mitigated by a qualified radon mitigation professional who meets state and local requirements.lfthere are no state or local requirements qualifying radon testing and mitigation professionals,radon testing and mitigation shall be performed by a professional certified by a national private-sector radon proficiency program. Stretch Provision: • Radon present at levels at or above two pCi/L in the lowest habitable level of the dwelling shall be deemed hazardous.Radon determined by an approved testing method to exceed two pCi/L shall be mitigated by qualified radon mitigation professionals in accordance with state and local requirements.Ifthere are no state orlocal requirementsqualifying radon testing and mitigation professionals,radontesting and mitigation shall be performed by a professional certified by a national private-sector radon proficiency program. Rationale: The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)estimates that about 21,000 lung cancer deaths each year in the U.S.are radon-related.Exposure to radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer after smoking.Radon is an odorless,tasteless,and invisible gas produced by the decay of naturally occurring uranium in soil and water. Radon decays rapidly and the resulting products quickly attach themselves to particles in the air.If these particles are inhaled,they can be deposited in the lungs,where the process of radioactive decay continues.The particles emitted can cause cells lining the lungs to mutate genetically and initiate cancer or facilitate a process already initiated by other carcinogens.The risk related to radon increases with dose and duration of exposure.The highest risk is for smokers.As radon is soluble in water,it can be ingested,resulting in the organs of the gastrointestinal National Healthy Housing Standard page 58 tract receiving the Iargestdose.EPA has established a recommended maximum exposure level of four pCi/L in occupied areas.Approximately one in 15 homes nationwide has radon above this level. References: • American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists,Inc.(n.d.).National radon proficiency program. Retrieved from http://nrpp.info/ • American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists,Inc.(2012).ANSI-AARST standard:Protocol for conducting radonand radondecayproductmeasurementsinmultifamilybuildings(MAMF-2012).Retrievedfrom http://www.aarst.orq/standards/messaqes/296/AARST MAMF_DraftClean06-09opt-2127.pdf • National Radon Safety Boa rd.(n.d.).Certified radon professionals.http://www.nrsb.orq/find_a_professionaLasp • U.S.Department of Health and Human Services Press Office.(2005,January 13).Surgeon General releases national health advisory on radon.[Press release.]Retrieved from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/ news/2005/01/sg01.132005.html • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Radiation and Indoor Air.(2003,June).EPA assessment of risks from radon in homes(EPAPublication No.402-R-03-003).Washington,DC:U.S.Environmenta I Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.epa.qov/radiation/docs/assessment/402-r-03-003.pdf • U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2013).Radon(Rn).Retrievedfromhttp://www.epa.gov/radon/index.html • US.Environmental Protection Agency.(2013).Radon(Rn):Whereyou live.Retrieved from http://www.epa.qov/ radon/whereyoulive.html 7.6. Pesticides. Requirement: Pesticides shall only be used in accordance with IPM methods discussed in Section 6:3,using the least toxic pesticide with demonstrated efficacy for the identified pest. 7.6.1.Pesticidesshall beapplied only inareasand atconcentrationswhich complywith manufacturerspecifications. When it is determined by an approved method that a hazardous amount of a pesticide has been applied in a location or at a concentration contrary to manufacturer specifications,the hazard shall be immediately mitigated. 7.6.2.Pesticides shall be stored and disposed in accordance with manufacturer specifications. Rationale: The health effects of pesticides vary with the product,but most products affect the eyes,noses,and throats.More severe consequences,such as central nervous system and kidney damage and increased cancer risk,are possible. An EPA survey revealed that bathrooms and kitchens are areas in the home most likely to have improperly stored pesticides.In the United States,EPA regulates pesticides under the pesticide law known as the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act.Since 1981,this law has required most residential-use pesticides to bear a signal word,such as"danger"or"warning,"and to be contained in child-resistant packaging.This type of packaging is designed to prevent or delay access by most children under the age of five years. References: • National Pesticide Information Center.(n.d.).www.npic.orst.edu. • U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.(n.d.).An introduction to indoor air quality(IAQ):Pesticides.Retrieved from http://www.epa.qov/iaq/pesticid.html 77 Methamphetamine Requirement: A dwelling that has been used for methamphetamine manufacture shall be vacated until certified by an approved testing method as safe from hazardous materials related to the methamphetamine manufacturing process. National Healthy Housing Standard page 59 Rationale: Homes formerly used as methamphetamine labs put residents,especially children,at serious health risk. Methamphetamine can be inhaled or absorbed through the skin.Effects resulting from acute exposures include cough;headache;chest pain;burns to skin,eyes,nose,and mouth;shortness of breath;dizziness;pulmonary edema;coma;and death.Exposure over a longer period can lead to liver and kidney damage,neurological problems,and an increased risk of cancer. References: • American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Environmental Health.(2012).Drug(methamphetamine) laboratories.In R.A.Etzel(Ed.),Pediatric.Environmental Health,3rd edition.(pp.737-748).Elk Grove Village,IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. • Minnesota Department of Health.(2013).Methamphetamine and meth labs:What are the potential health effects from exposure to a meth lab?Retrieved from http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/meth/lab/ potenteffects.html • U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(2000,November 17).Public health consequences among first responders to emergency events associated with illicit methamphetamine laboratories—Selected states, 1996-1999.Morbidity and MortalityWeeklyReport49(45)(CDC Publication No.2001-633-173/48011 Region IV). Washington,DC:U.S.Government Printing Office.Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hs/hsees/Horton MethLabs.pdf 7.8. Smoke in Multifamily Housing:. Requirements: 7.8.1.Smoking shall be prohibited in all indoor common areas of multifamily buildings. 7.8.2.Smoking shall be prohibited in exterior areas less than 25 feet(762 cm)from building entrances,outdoor air intakes,and operable windows. 7.8.3.Tenants and prospective tenants shall be informed in writing of any applicable smoke-free policy and the location of designated smoke-free and smoking areas.Signs shall be posted in all designated areas. 7.8.4.Tenants who terminate a lease early due to incursion of tobacco smoke or the inception of a smoke-free policy shall be exempt from early termination penalties or security deposit forfeiture. e Stretch Provisions: • A property-wide policy shall be established in consultation with current tenants to designate exterior common areas where smoking shall be prohibited and areas where smoking shall be permitted. • A property-wide policy shall be established in consultation with current tenants to designate dwelling units where tobacco smoking shall be prohibited. Rationale: Tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals,including hundreds that are toxic and approximately 70 carcinogens,such as arsenic,formaldehyde,benzene,and vinyl chloride.After smoking and radon,secondhand smoke exposure is the third-leading cause of lung cancer death.Secondhand smoke(SHS)also causes numerous health problems in infantsand children,including asthma attacks,respiratory infections,ear infections,and sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS).In addition,tobacco smoking is the leading cause of fatal residential fires in the U.S.The U.S.Surgeon General has concluded that there is no safe level of exposure to SHS.Also,experts have concluded that the only way to effectively prevent the migration of SHS from the units of smokers to common areas and the units of nonsmokers is to prohibit all smoking within the building.A study in the United Arab Emirates found that incense smoke emits carbon monoxide,oxides of nitrogen,formaldehyde and carbonyls,and that incense smoke exposure causes significant lung cell inflammation.Studies show that thirdhand smoke clings to hair,skin,clothes,furniture,drapes,walls,bedding,carpets,dust,vehicles,and other surfaces,even long after smoking has stopped.Infants,children,and nonsmoking adults may beat riskoftobacco=related health problems when they inhale,ingest,or touch substances containing thirdhand smoke:Thirdhand smoke is a relatively new concept,and researchers are still studying its possible dangers. National Healthy Housing Standard page 60 References: • American Cancer Society.(n.d.).Secondhand smoke.Retrieved from http://www.cancer.orq/cancer/ cancerca uses/tobaccocancer/second ha nd-smoke • American Societyof Heating,Refrigerating,and Air-Conditioning Engineers.(2013).ASHRAE position document on environmentaltobaccosmoke.Retrievedfrom https://www.ashrae.orq/File%20Library/docLib/About%20Us/ PositionDocuments/ASH RAE_PD_Environmental_Tobacco_Smoke_2013.pdf • Cohen,R.,Sexton,K.G.,&Yeatts,K.B.(2013,August 1).Hazard assessment of United Arab Emirates(UAE)incense smoke.Science of the Total Environment,458-460,176-186. • Dale,L..(2012,. March 20).What is thirdhand smoke,and why is it a concern?Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic.com/health/third-hand-smoke/AN01985. • U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(2011).Fire deaths and injuries:Fact sheet.Retrieved from http://www.cdc.qov/homeand recreationalsafety/fire-prevention/fires-factsheet.htm I • U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,Office on Smoking and Health(U.S.).(2006).The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke:A report of the Surgeon General.Atlanta,GA:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/ National Healthy Housing Standard page 61