HomeMy WebLinkAboutITEM II
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Working together for clean air
'.I~~'.
':>it
~,Y '~~
:\
(
-'" ;/.....
. ,,: ~'~l- '.......'
~ .....~" \, . ~{~. ,.1\
;;;:;~""ll": ;l~'.~~,t:"~~.".~~~'
~~~~
Climate Protection for
Puget Sound Communities
~.~~
...:--~,.
... :-.... ~ .., - .,".
- "~ .,0;;, .'
Carbon Foot-printing
in the Puget Sound Region
. ~,~~~... l~:j~.:" \:-~ ~~:.~
'l r"- ,'} ,,:,A ;c,~.~.::: .~,
,~__,,~~.!-.:=-: loo-":r;'';' .....~_.
The choices communities make when building public facilities and transportation
systems, permitting development, and adopting and implementing growth
management plans affect where people live, the type of home they live in, how far
they travel, whether they drive alone or travel with others. All these public and
private choices impact public health, air quality and global climate.
As more knowledge about the connections between land use, transportation and air
quality becomes available, it is essential that the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency and
local communities share information and work together to influence these choices.
The purpose of this presentation is to introduce information about the connections
between land use, transpOliation, and air quality and share information on the
actions that benefit public health, air quality and global climate.
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
1
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Legislative Directives
. Governor Gregoire Executive Order and ESHB
6001
. 1990 levels by 2020
. 25% below 1990 levels by 2035
. 50% below 1990 levels by 2050
. ESSHB 2815
. Increase clean energy sector jobs from 8,400 to 25,000 by
2020
. Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) 18% by 2020
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
2
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Governor's Climate Advisory Team
. Membership from business, labor,
environment, government and Legislature
. Charged with making recommendations on
how to meet state goals
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
3
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Twelve Key Directional Recommendations
e Establish a market based
cap and trade system
e Establish emissions
reporting
e Use SEPA
elnvest in green economy
jobs
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
1+1
1$1
.-
States.. Provinces and
Tribe!. thaI hav& joined
Th. CUm.t. A.'s'.rry
as 01 February 1. 2008
... I
~
_0,",:,,;-
"l"': _-
-\.r::7~'~ . ~
"v
__ J
4
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
Twelve Key Recommendations (cont.)
6/25/2008
eBuild and redesign communities that offer
alternatives to single occupancy vehicles
e Use clean vehicles, clean diesel and low carbon
fuels
elnvest in existing transportation infrastructure to
move people and goods
e Use energy from lower or non-carbon sources
e Restore and retain the health and vitality of farm
and forest lands
eReduce waste and emissions
eProvide resources for implementation
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
5
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Why Build and Redesign Our Communities?
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
6
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Why Now?
.
.
Anticipated growth
Aging infrastructure, especially
transportation
Requirements for updating plans
and regulations
Climate change challenges
Land use and transportation
actions affect air quality
180%
.
.
.
170%
160%
150% C028Tission Rlte (new)
~ 140% _
~ 130% ,.....~~~~
~ 0 nr'
g 120% - -r'
N ::: trr".
'1I!:lI "
~~~
2010 2015 2020 2025
Anticipated growth
population
vehicle miles traveled
urbanized area
Construction - commercial & industrial equipment usage
urban activities in general
Fireplaces & woodstoves
Painting
recreational & yard care equipment usage
Aging infrastructure
Some ofthe major transportation projects, include, Alaska Way Viaduct, SR 520 Floating Bridge, and 1-
405
Requirements for updating plans and regulations:
Know that many jurisdictions m'e currently updating their plans and regulations to comply with GMA
Climate Change
Its happening
Requires combined etlorts
Land Use & Transportation actions affects air quality
The last dozen years have produced conclusive empirical evidence ofthis relationship. Land use or urbml
tl111n atlects how much we drive which determines the amount of mobile source emissions that are
generated and in hml tlle amount of air pollution and greenhouse gases in the air.
( C) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
7
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Air Quality in the Puget Sound Region
First major metropolitan region to meet all national
ambient air quality standards - but new issues now n.
Regulatory Programs
Voluntary Programs
...
~~
, .'5; R.- ilJJ~
~ It,'. 'Ii'
:'-~:.,. ;.~~<J' NO-IDLE
...... -":"""'_ ZONE
-"""~ ...,., "'''''''''',0""''''
Dlese
Solutions
Cleaner air for tomorrow, today
"
~
The agency has achieved this feat through a mix of regulatory and voluntary programs.
V oluntary programs have become a bigger part of the mix in recent years.
Regulatory Programs
· New Source Review
· Dry Cleaning Regulations
· Gas Station Program
· Outdoor Burning
· Temporary fireplace/wood stove curtailment
V oluntan' Programs
.Low emission, (RVP) gasoline
.Diesel Solutions Clean School Bus
. Indoor Burning/woodstoyes
. Idling Reduction
.--Clean" fleets WSF clean fuels. CNG buses. hybrid buses. etc.
. Public/private diesel fleet retrofits
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
8
Presentation Title
Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Air Quality in the Puget Sound Region
Where We've Been
Where We're Going
The historic focus
· Particulates (PM10)
· Ground-level ozone
· Carbon monoxide
The new focus
· Fine particulates (PM2.5)
· Climate change
· Toxics
· Ground-level ozone
· Visibility
The nature of our air pollution is changing. Historically our region has relied on technology to address air quality is no longer sutlicient.
The new pollutants of concern pose new problems and require new approaches. \Ve have to become more inyolyed in decisions that afJect
human behavior whether it is changing how people heat their homes or build their conullunities.
-Fine Pm1iculates (P1\12.5)
-Our P1\1 goal of25 micrograms per cubic meter is lower than CUlTent EPA standard. of 35 micrograms
- EP A likely to revise its standard downward.
- Diesel exhaust is most significant fine pmiiculate matter emissions because of its toxicity.
-Climate change
- Its happening
- Human actions are key cause.
-Climate Protection Adyisory Committee identified clean car and less car recommendations and endorsed the Puget Sound
Regional Council's Destination 2030 plan.
-Toxics
- Region' s toxic emissions leyels are in the top 5 percentile in us.
-Significant public health concern. particularly because of its connection to cancer.
-Key chemicals/mi:-..iures of concern are benzene. L3-butadiene. acetaldehyde. formaldehyde. diesel particulate.
-Ozone
- Very close to the new 8-hour standard fi)!' ozone on hot days.
-All CUlTent measures must continue or our transpOliation filllding will be at risk.
-Ozone and pmiiculate matter health problems: respiratory and hemi ailments. hospital admissions. children at risk. school and
workdays missed.
- Visibility
-impaired by ozone precursors and fine particle emissions
-1\10tor vehicle. indoor and outdoor burning strategies will improve visibility, but the challenge is keeping up with growih and
sprawl.
( C) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
9
Presentation Title
Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Common Threads in the Old & New Focus
. Transportation
. Combustion
C~' .OCmodMCb"e
Area Sources
46%
Nonroad Mobile
.~.......
~.j
1 7, ~
rr~!J 6' ~)
fl-1/# r!l\-~
.eo::--o.L/lh1-
"" G"O WU"1o" ~ '"Il"'''~' "'~"
,""ud.,OH"'"" "",,,,,,,,,.,,
puget Sound Area Sources of Air Pollution 2005
"How do Y?ll want 10 beblow11
in my rJ_~romde-as tile dJ5WUerer
offlrc,oras the first nU/Il
ta!lo/llllelh,>almospl,crc?"
Transp0l1ation includes cars. buses. planes. trains, boats. recreational vehicles. and construction equipment. like cranes.
Combustion is the primary way that air pollution is created whdher buming gasoline in engines for energy or burning wood
for heat.
The two graphs show where air pollution in the region comes fi'olll. The graph on the let! is a composite ofthe sources ofthe
traditional pollutants of concern like ozone. The graph on the right shows greenhouse gas emissions including carbon dioxide.
In both graphs transportation is responsible for about half ofthe emissions.
Our region is unusual because so much of our electricity is ii-om hydro power. The electric power sector isn't
neath as large a contributor here as it is elsewhere in the country, such as on the east coast. That means we
place greater emphasis on reducing emissions ii-om transportation sources than other regions might.
These graphs are organized around traditional categories used by air agencies:
Point Sources: which includes large individual sources that occur at discrete points in the region
such as factories and businesses
Area Sources: which includes small individual sources that can occur across a large area. such as
fireplaces. wood stows. gas stations. spray painting booths
NOll romll\Iobile Sources: which includes ships. trains. planes and some construction
equipment
On romll\Iobile Sources:
which includes cars. trucks. buses.
This graph on the let! is a composite ofthe fl)llowing pollutants
Carbon Monoxide
Particulate l\Iatter - Pl\Il 0
Ozone - 03: Ozone is tracked by measuring Volatile Organic Compounds. (VOC). and Nitrogen
Oxides. (NOx)
Greenhouse Gas is not included in this graph.
The graph on the right is shows the sources of greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. Greenhouse gases
include:
Carbon Dioxide - C02
l\Idhane
Other gases
( C) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
10
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Key Air Pollutants & Main Sources
NEW FOCUS AREAS KEY POLLUTANTS MAIN SOURCES
Fine Particulates Diesel exhaust Woodstoves, fireplaces, outdoor burning, diesel
Wood smoke engines
Climate Change Green house gases Vehicles, vessels & equipment, power generation,
fuel combustion
Toxics Diesel & gas exhaust Diesel vehicles, vessels, & equipment, fuel
Wood smoke combustion, wood stoves & fireplaces
Ground Level Ozone Nitrogen Oxides & Volatile Vehicles, vessels & equipment, fuel evaporation
Organic Compounds
Visibility Fine Particulates Vehicles, Vessels, Equipment, Fuel evaporation &
N02 combustion
Within each of the focus m'eas of concern there are key pollutants that are the primary pollutant contributing to
the problem. The main sources colunm identifies the main sources of the key pollutmlts. The identification of
the key pollutants and main sources is a key step in developing strategies for each of the fl1Cus m'eas.
For example the Clean Air Agency is focusing on toxics fl)r the following reasons:
-"Air toxics" are air pollutants known or suspected to cause health problems.
Potential health effects include cancer, birth defects, lung damage, immune system
damage, and nerve damage.
-Our local study shows that air toxics are present in the Puget Sound area at levels
that pose a health risk to residents.
-The US Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) placed the Puget Sound region in
the top five percent of the nation for potential cancer risk from air toxics in their
nationwide study, consistent with most major metropolitan areas.
Diesel emissions are the primary source of air toxics. Diesel Solutions is an agency
program designed to reduce the emissions coming from diesel vehicles, vessels and
equipment. The program "retrofits" existing diesel powered vehicles, vessels and
equipment with emission reduction equipment either on the engine or the exhaust
system. The program also promotes the use of cleaner fuels such as bio diesel.
Ground level ozone is often referred to as smog. Ground-level or "bad" ozone is not
emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of
nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight.
Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust,
gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NO x and
( c) 2002 Puget S600 Clean Air Agency
11
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Climate Change and Land Use
Dr. Lawrence Frank -- University of British Columbia
Senior Non-Resident Fellow, Brookings Institution
President, LFC, Inc.
The following 8 slides are excerpts from a presentation given during our workshops
held in the summer of2007.
These slides contain the most current research on the relationships between land
use, energy consumption and climate change available. As an extra bonus the
research is heavily based upon data from our four county region, which makes the
findings particularly relevant.
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
12
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
To meet 2050 Goal of
80% Reduction in Greenhouse Gases
Three Policy Levers
- Fuel Mix
- Vehicle Efficiency
- Demand
Puget Sound Scenario Testing
Scenario
Reference
Base
iVIed IUiiiTec 11
Aggressive Tech
Fleet Fuel Economy
Year MPG Change
2005 19.6
2050 19.6
2050 48.2
2050 75.6
0%
0%
146%
286%
Fuel GHG
Ib/gal Change
19.64
19.64
15.7
11.8
VMT/Capita
VMTlcap Decrea
0% 23.3 0%
0% 28.2 21 %
-20% 9.0 -61%
-40% 19.0 -18%
Source: Steve Winkelman, CCAP
Greenhouse gases will have to be reduced ~ 80% from projected emissions levels in
2050 to reach our goal of reducing greenhouse gases to 50% below their 1990
levels.
There are 3 broad policy actions that we can take to reduce green house gases
-Create cleaner, less emitting fuels
-Create cars that get more miles per gallon
-Reduce the amount of traveling that occurs
The key message of the table is that even if we can improve average fleet mileage to
over 75 miles per gallon and cut the emissions per gallon of fuel by almost halfwe
still have to reduce the amount that each of us drives by 18%.
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
13
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
ousing Density
The key message in this slide is that we can reduce carbon dioxide by increasing
residential density.
Transit becomes viable at 7 housing units per acre and works much better at 15+
units per acre.
Our city cores, like Central Seattle are the only areas in the region where we
achieve these higher densities. However, these densities can be achieved by a blend
of higher density areas and lower density areas that achieve these overall densities
through planning policies and concepts such as transit oriented developments in
celiain areas. The entire region does not need to be at the higher densities to
achieve some of the benefits of this relationship between carbon dioxide emissions
and residential density.
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
14
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
et Connectivity
The key message here is that we can reduce carbon dioxide by increasing the
number of intersections in an area.
This means we need to shift from the conventional suburban style of development
which features a lot of cul-de-sac streets to a style of development that features
more of a grid pattern of streets. Generally, the grid pattern will provide more
routes to get to a specific destination and shorter routes as well. The shorter routes
result in fewer emissions. Additional routes to a destination can lessen congestion
and the associated emissions from the vehicles stuck in congestion. The grid pattern
of streets when accompanied by sidewalks can promote pedestrian travel.
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
15
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
il Availabilit
I;J.
~
III
'tl
C
III 8
C1I
E III
...
6' 8-
~
N
0
()
Here too, the key message is changing how we build our communities can help to
reduce greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide; in this instance by providing more
stores close to homes.
Note that unlike the two previous community elements, residential density and
street connectivity, the number of retail outlets doesn't have a consistent influence
on C02 emissions. There appears to be a critical mass of retail outlets needed
before there is a marked decrease in emissions.
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
16
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Urban Form and Travel Activity
Preference vs Neighborhood Design
Walkability & Preference Percent Average Daily
Groups Taking a Vehicle Miles
Preference for Walkabilityof Walk Trip Traveled
Neighborhood Current (n) (n)
T e Nei hborhood
High Low 16.0% 36.6
(188) (188 )
II High High 33.9% 25.8
(446) (446)
III Low Low 3.3% 43.0
(246) (246)
IV Low High 7.0% 25.7
(43) (43)
This table presents findings from an investigation into the relationship between our
preferences for a certain type of community and our behavior as a result of the type
of community that we live in. The investigation examined how many people made
walking trips and how much they drove and compared it to their preferences and the
type of neighborhood they lived in.
The bottom line: the type of neighborhood you live in influences how much you
travel in a vehicle. People who live in walkable neighborhoods whether by
preference or not, drive less than those that live in less walkable neighborhoods.
Notice that the person that doesn't like to walk, but lives in a walkable
neighborhood travels in a vehicle about the same as the person that prefers to and
lives in a walkable neighborhood, 25.7 & 25.8 average daily vehicle miles traveled
respectively.
This table indicates that the type of communities and neighborhoods we create
affects human behavior and can benefit personal health as well as air quality and
global climate.
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
17
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Changing Urban Form to Reduce Emissions
Seattle Region*
Urban Form Elements
Urban Intersection Net Land Retail Walk Change
Form Density I km Residential Use Floor Index. in
Strategies Density I ac Mix Area VMT
County 52 3.6 0.3 0.25 0.02
Average
Average + 63 4.4 0.4 0.3 1.5 -6.5%
20%
Average + 78 5.4 0.47 0.38 3.2 -12.9%
50%
Average + 105 7.3 0.62 0.5 6.3 -24.1%
100%
Scenario A 80 16 0.84 7.144 -26.8%
.. Frank. L.D. Sallis, J.F.. Conway. T., Chapman, J.. Saelens. B. Bachman, W. (2006).
Many Pathways from Land Use to Health: Walkability Associations With Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality.
Journal of the American Plannina Association.
Urban form elements are most effective when they are combined into a packages or
strategies. This table illustrates the total effect of combining urban form elements
that can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other air pollutants because of their
effect on vehicle miles traveled, (VMT) into strategies.
For example,
· "Average + 100%", a strategic package that included doubling the urban form
elements of intersection density, net residential density, land use mix, amount of
retail floor area and walkability of a community could reduce VMT by 24%.
· Scenario A examines the effect of a strategic package that emphasizes much
higher residential density, land use mix and retail floor area with smaller increases
in intersection density could reduce VMT by 26%.
More information on the effect of urban form on changes in vehicle miles traveled,
(VMT) and thus on emissions can be found in the report: Reducing C02 Emissions
While Improving Air Ouality in the Puget Sound Region: The Built Environment
Potential, Lawrence Frank & Company Inc. June 13, 2007; a report for the Puget
Sound Clean Air Agency.
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
18
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
The Current Evidence Suggests...
. Change Land Use
o Bring residential, commercial, office, institutional, and recreational
uses closer together
o Increase the ability to travel directly between residential,
commercial, office, institutional, and recreational uses
o Require open space within existing and developing communities
. Change Transportation Priorities
o Increase funding for pedestrian, bike, and transit facilities
o Provide direct linkages between walk, bike (local) and transit
(regional)
o Focus transportation investments in existing centers
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
19
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Air Quality & Growth Management
Healthy People, Healthy Places, Healthy Planet:
Growth Management Strategies for Air and Climate Friendly Communities
6 Key Action Areas
. Build air and climate friendly communities
. Promote cleaner travel
. Reduce exposure to pollution
. Promote cleaner heating
. Support environmental justice
. Use environmental laws for better
public health & air quality
These are the 6 key action areas that are addressed in the agency's growth
management policies.
They can be found on our website:
www. pscleanair. org/ actions/landu se/ default. aspx
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
20
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
What are possible next steps?
.Begin by calculating the
direct GHG emissions
.Check out what others are
doing
;6'" ,...,..-m....; ..~.:'~_ _ ._~; ,~: "'. ,....;~
l tI . ""'011.... . .;:r:~ ~ -;.'" , t-. ')it"
a.:JI'J-. '~"''''.,..,.... ".. "'.!
l:.".:,......; .~~~ . "':," I!':
' "l . :t. ~ '...." ...... I
J~/'~~': .~ 'i;~ . "7'\ '
lid:');
i..,\:~/f~. I
~~~l.~
r It,
-=- ia' ';,J~
~., .
I.
C~~
r .
......L...--........... ..
I belieye that we can and should stmi to address this critical enyironmental issue:
-The tools exist today to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions from programs and projects. The
real challenge is predicting future technology changes in order to estimate future GHG. I belieye
that the ,york of California Air Resources Board will be particularly helpful in arriving at reasonable
assumptions about technology such as plug in hybrids.
-Mitigation strategies that reduce VMT are available and can be incorporated into RTID projects
-Finally, oyer the longer tenll. I recommend that the PSRC. Washington DOT. Ecology and others
develop a collaboratiye protocol for addressing greenhouse gases from transpOliation plans,
programs and projects.
Addressing greenhouse gases is much more challenging than meeting clean air standards, since there
isn't tecllllology available to produce the needed reductions of 70-80% while accommodating
increases in personal travel by automobile.
If we are going to protect our planet from the impact of greenhouse gases. ,,'e need to pull out all the
stops. We need to aggressively pursue new technologies such as hybrid electric vehicles, plug in
hybrids. renewable fuels and lighter/safer. more fuel efficient vehicles.
But that is not enough.... We dOld have a silver bullet like we did with the catalytic conyerter for
traditional air pollutants. Adequately addressing greenhouse gases will require quantification of the
carbon emissions from transpOli and taking mitigation steps to reduce yehicle traveL not the rate of
increase, but actually reducing yehicle trayel significantly.
THANKS!
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
21
Presentation Title Presenter's Name
6/25/2008
Summary
. New focus
. Land use affects transportation, air quality &
global climate
. Saving energy saves money
. Look at the action area recommendations
. Auburn can build on previous efforts
e How do we get there?
D Sharing our knowledge - Paul Carr, 206-689-4085, paulc@pscleanair.org
D Working together
( c) 2002 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency
22