HomeMy WebLinkAboutSWMM Glossary & References
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 89 Glossary The following terms are provided for reference and use with this manual. They shall
be superseded by any other definitions for these terms adopted by ordinance, unless they are defined in a Washington State WAC or RCW, or are used and defined as part of the Minimum
Requirements for all new development and redevelopment. Term Definition AASHTO classification The official classification of soil materials and soil aggregate mixtures for highway construction,
used by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. ACC Auburn City Code. Absorption The penetration of a substance into or through another, such as the dissolving
of a soluble gas in a liquid. Adjacent steep slope A slope with a gradient of 20 percent or steeper within five hundred feet of the site. Adjustment A variation in the application of
a Minimum Requirement to a particular project. Adjustments provide equivalent environmental protection. Adsorption The adhesion of a substance to the surface of a solid or liquid; often
used to extract pollutants by causing them to be attached to such adsorbents as activated carbon or silica gel. Hydrophobic, or water-repulsing adsorbents, are used to extract oil from
waterways when oil spills occur. Heavy metals such as zinc and lead often adsorb onto sediment particles. Aeration The process of being supplied or impregnated with air. In waste treatment,
the process used to foster biological and chemical purification. In soils, the process by which air in the soil is replenished by air from the atmosphere. In a well aerated soil, the
soil air is similar in composition to the atmosphere above the soil. Poorly aerated soils usually contain a much higher percentage of carbon dioxide and a correspondingly lower percentage
of oxygen. Aerobic Living or active only in the presence of free (dissolved or molecular) oxygen. Aerobic bacteria Bacteria that require the presence of free oxygen for their metabolic
processes. Aggressive plant species Opportunistic species of inferior biological value that tend to out-compete more desirable forms and become dominant; applied to native species in
this manual. Algae Primitive plants, many microscopic, containing chlorophyll and forming the base of the food chain in aquatic environments. Some species may create a nuisance when
environmental conditions are suitable for prolific growth. Algal bloom Proliferation of living algae on the surface of lakes, streams or ponds; often stimulated by phosphate over-enrichment.
Algal blooms reduce the oxygen available to other aquatic organisms.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 90 Term Definition American Public Works Association (APWA) The Washington State Chapter of
the American Public Works Association. Anadromous Fish that grow to maturity in the ocean and return to rivers for spawning. Anaerobic Living or active in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic
bacteria Bacteria that do not require the presence of free or dissolved oxygen for metabolism. Annual flood The highest peak discharge on average which can be expected in any given year.
Antecedent moisture conditions The degree of wetness of a watershed or within the soil at the beginning of a storm. Anti-seep collar A device constructed around a pipe or other conduit
and placed through a dam, levee, or dike for the purpose of reducing seepage losses and piping failures. Anti-vortex device A facility placed at the entrance to a pipe conduit structure
such as a drop inlet spillway or hood inlet spillway to prevent air from entering the structure when the pipe is flowing full. Applicable BMPs As used in Volume 4, applicable BMPs are
those source control BMPs that are expected to be required by local governments at new development and redevelopment sites. Applicable BMPs will also be required if they are incorporated
into NPDES permits, or they are included by local governments in a stormwater program for existing facilities. Applicant The person who has applied for a development permit or approval.
Appurtenances Machinery, appliances, or auxiliary structures attached to a main structure, but not considered an integral part thereof, for the purpose of enabling it to function. Aquifer
A geologic stratum containing groundwater that can be withdrawn and used for human purposes. Arterial A road or street primarily for through traffic. A major arterial connects an Interstate
Highway to cities and counties. A minor arterial connects major arterials to collectors. A collector connects an arterial to a neighborhood. A collector is not an arterial. A local access
road connects individual homes to a collector. As-built drawings Engineering plans which have been revised to reflect all changes to the plans which occurred during construction. As-graded
The extent of surface conditions on completion of grading. BSBL See Building set back line. Background A description of pollutant levels arising from natural sources, and not due to
human activities. Backwater Water upstream from an obstruction which is deeper than it would normally be without the obstruction. Baffle A device to check, deflect, or regulate flow.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 91 Term Definition Bank full discharge A flow condition where streamflow completely fills the
stream channel up to the top of the bank. In undisturbed watersheds, the discharge conditions occur on average every 1.5 to 2 years and controls the shape and form of natural channels.
Base flood A flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. This is also referred to as the 100-year flood. Base flood elevation The water surface
elevation of the base flood. It shall be referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD). Baseline sample A sample collected during dry-weather flow (i.e., it does
not consist of runoff from a specific precipitation event). Basin plan A plan that assesses, evaluates, and proposes solutions to existing and potential future impacts to the beneficial
uses of, and the physical, chemical, and biological properties of waters of the state within a basin. Basins typically range in size from 1 to 50 square miles. A plan should include
but not be limited to recommendations for: • Stormwater requirements for new development and redevelopment; • Capital improvement projects; • Land Use management through identification
and protection of critical areas, comprehensive land use and transportation plans, zoning regulations, site development standards, and conservation areas; • Source control activities
including public education and involvement, and business programs; • Other targeted stormwater programs and activities, such as maintenance, inspections and enforcement; • Monitoring;
and • An implementation schedule and funding strategy. A plan that is “adopted and implemented” must have the following characteristics: • It must be adopted by legislative or regulatory
action of jurisdictions with responsibilities under the plan; • Ordinances, regulations, programs, and procedures recommended by the plan should be in effect or on schedule to be in
effect; and, • An implementation schedule and funding strategy that are in progress. Bearing capacity The maximum load that a material can support before failing. Bedrock The more or
less solid rock in place either on or beneath the surface of the earth. It may be soft, medium, or hard and have a smooth or irregular surface.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 92 Term Definition Bench A relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill
is to be placed. Berm A constructed barrier of compacted earth, rock, or gravel. In a stormwater facility, a berm may serve as a vertical divider typically built up from the bottom.
Best management practice (BMP) The schedules of activities, prohibitions of practices, maintenance procedures, and structural and/or managerial practices, that when used singly or in
combination, prevent or reduce the release of pollutants and other adverse impacts to waters of Washington State. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) An indirect measure of the concentration
of biologically degradable materials present in organic wastes. The amount of free oxygen utilized by aerobic organisms when allowed to attack the organic material in an aerobically
maintained environment at a specified temperature (20°C) for a specific time period (5 days), and thus stated as BOD5. It is expressed in milligrams of oxygen utilized per liter of liquid
waste volume (mg/l) or in milligrams of oxygen per kilogram of waste solution (mg/kg = ppm = parts per million parts). Also called biological oxygen demand. Biodegradable Capable of
being readily broken down by biological means, especially by microbial action. Microbial action includes the combined effect of bacteria, fungus, flagellates, amoebae, ciliates, and
nematodes. Degradation can be rapid or may take many years depending upon such factors as available oxygen and moisture. Bioengineering The combination of biological, mechanical, and
ecological concepts (and methods) to control erosion and stabilize soil through the use of vegetation or in combination with construction materials. Biofilter A designed treatment facility
using a combined soil and vegetation system for filtration, infiltration, adsorption, and biological uptake of pollutants in stormwater when runoff flows over and through. Vegetation
growing in these facilities acts as both a physical filter which causes gravity settling of particulates by regulating velocity of flow, and also as a biological sink when direct uptake
of dissolved pollutants occurs. The former mechanism is probably the most important in western Washington where the period of major runoff coincides with the period of lowest biological
activity. Biofiltration The process of reducing pollutant concentrations in water by filtering the polluted water through biological materials. Biological control A method of controlling
pest organisms by means of introduced or naturally occurring predatory organisms, sterilization, the use of inhibiting hormones, or other means, rather than by mechanical or chemical
means. Biological magnification The increasing concentration of a substance along succeeding steps in a food chain. Also called biomagnification. Bollard A post (may or may not be removable)
used to prevent vehicular access.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 93 Term Definition Bond A surety bond, cash deposit or escrow account, assignment of savings,
irrevocable letter of credit or other means acceptable to or required by the manager to guarantee that work is completed in compliance with the project's drainage plan and in compliance
with all local government requirements. Borrow area A source of earth fill material used in the construction of embankments or other earth fill structures. Buffer The zone contiguous
with a sensitive area that is required for the continued maintenance, function, and structural stability of the sensitive area. The critical functions of a riparian buffer (those associated
with an aquatic system) include shading, input of organic debris and coarse sediments, uptake of nutrients, stabilization of banks, interception of fine sediments, overflow during high
water events, protection from disturbance by humans and domestic animals, maintenance of wildlife habitat, and room for variation of aquatic system boundaries over time due to hydrologic
or climatic effects. The critical functions of terrestrial buffers include protection of slope stability, attenuation of surface water flows from stormwater runoff and precipitation,
and erosion control. Building setback line (BSBL) A line measured parallel to a property, easement, drainage facility, or buffer boundary, that delineates the area (defined by the distance
of separation) where buildings or other obstructions are prohibited (including decks, patios, outbuildings, or overhangs beyond 18 inches). Wooden or chain link fences and landscaping
are allowable within a building setback line. In this manual the minimum building setback line shall be 5 feet. Capital Improvement Project or Program (CIP) A project prioritized and
scheduled as a part of an overall construction program or, the actual construction program. Catch basin A chamber or well, usually built at the curb line of a street, for the admission
of surface water to a sewer or subdrain, having at its base a sediment sump designed to retain grit and detritus below the point of overflow. Catchline The point where a severe slope
intercepts a different, more gentle slope. Catchment Surface drainage area. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) The amount of exchangeable cations that a soil can adsorb at pH 7.0. Certified
Erosion and Sediment Control Lead (CESCL) An individual who is knowledgeable in the principles and practices of erosion and sediment control. The CESCL must have the skills to assess:
the site conditions and construction activities that could impact the quality of the stormwater; and the effectiveness of erosion and sediment control measures used to control the quality
of stormwater discharges. The CESCL must have current certification through an approved erosion and sediment control training program that meets the minimum training standards established
by Ecology. Channel A feature that conveys surface water and is open to the air. Channel, constructed Channels or ditches constructed (or reconstructed natural channels) to convey surface
water. Channel, natural Streams, creeks, or swales that convey surface/groundwater and have existed long enough to establish a stable route and/or biological community.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 94 Term Definition Channel stabilization Erosion prevention and stabilization of velocity distribution
in a channel using vegetation, jetties, drops, revetments, and/or other measures. Channel storage Water temporarily stored in channels while enroute to an outlet. Channelization Alteration
of a stream channel by widening, deepening, straightening, cleaning, or paving certain areas to change flow characteristics. Check dam Small dam constructed in a gully or other small
watercourse to decrease the streamflow velocity, minimize channel scour, and promote deposition of sediment. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) A measure of the amount of oxygen required to
oxidize organic and oxidizable inorganic compounds in water. The COD test, like the BOD test, is used to determine the degree of pollution in water. Civil engineer A professional engineer
licensed in the State of Washington in Civil Engineering. Civil engineering The application of the knowledge of the forces of nature, principles of mechanics and the properties of materials
to the evaluation, design and construction of civil works for the beneficial uses of mankind. Clay lens A naturally-occurring localized area of clay which acts as an impermeable layer
to runoff infiltration. Clearing The destruction and removal of vegetation by manual, mechanical, or chemical methods. Closed depression An area which is low-lying and either has no,
or such a limited, surface water outlet that during storm events the area acts as a retention basin. Cohesion The capacity of a soil to resist shearing stress, exclusive of functional
resistance. Coliform bacteria Microorganisms common in the intestinal tracts of man and other warm-blooded animals; all the aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporeforming,
rod-shaped bacteria which ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35°C. Used as an indicator of bacterial pollution. Commercial agriculture Those activities conducted on
lands defined in RCW 84.34.020(2), and activities involved in the production of crops or livestock for wholesale trade. An activity ceases to be considered commercial agriculture when
the area on which it is conducted is proposed for conversion to a nonagricultural use or has lain idle for more than five (5) years, unless the idle land is registered in a federal or
state soils conservation program, or unless the activity is maintenance of irrigation ditches, laterals, canals, or drainage ditches related to an existing and ongoing agricultural activity.
Commercial sites Sites as defined in Title 18 of ACC. Compaction The densification, settlement, or packing of soil in such a way that permeability of the soil is reduced. Compaction
effectively shifts the performance of a hydrologic group to a lower permeability hydrologic group. For example, a group B hydrologic soil can be compacted and be effectively converted
to a group C hydrologic soil in the way it performs in regard to runoff. Compaction may also refer to the densification of a fill by mechanical means.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 95 Term Definition Compensatory storage New excavated storage volume equivalent to the flood
storage capacity eliminated by filling or grading within the flood fringe. Equivalent shall mean that the storage removed shall be replaced by equal volume between corresponding one-foot
contour intervals that are hydraulically connected to the floodway through their entire depth. Compost Organic residue or a mixture of organic residues and soil, that has undergone biological
decomposition until it has become relatively stable humus. Composted Mulch Mulch prepared from decomposed organic materials that have undergone a controlled process to minimize weed
seeds. Acceptable feedstocks include, but are not limited to, yard debris, wood waste, land clearing debris, brush, and branches. Composting A controlled process of degrading organic
matter by microorganisms. Present day composting is the aerobic, hemophilic decomposing of organic waste to relatively stable humus. Composting is the process of making usable, organic
matter that is beneficial to plants and has converted nutrients into slow-release forms (versus mineralized water-soluble forms found in fertilizer). Comprehensive planning Planning
that takes into account all aspects of water, air, and land resources and their uses and limits. Conservation district A public organization created under state enabling law as a special-purpose
district to develop and carry out a program of soil, water, and related resource conservation, use, and development within its boundaries, usually a subdivision of state government with
a local governing body and always with limited authority. Often called a soil conservation district or a soil and water conservation district. Constructed wetland Those wetlands intentionally
created on sites that are not wetlands for the primary purpose of wastewater or stormwater treatment and managed as such. Constructed wetlands are normally considered as part of of the
stormwater collection and treatment system. Contour An imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of the same elevation. Conveyance A mechanism for transporting water
from one point to another, including pipes, ditches, and channels. Conveyance system The drainage facilities, both natural and man-made, which collect, contain, and provide for the flow
of surface and stormwater from the highest points on the land down to a receiving water. The natural elements of the conveyance system include swales and small drainage courses, streams,
rivers, lakes, and wetlands. The human-made elements of the conveyance system include gutters, ditches, pipes, channels, and most retention/detention facilities. Cover crop A close-growing
crop grown primarily for the purpose of protecting and improving soil between periods of permanent vegetation. Created wetland Means those wetlands intentionally created from nonwetland
sites to produce or replace natural wetland habitat (e.g., compensatory mitigation mitigation projects).
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 96 Term Definition Critical Areas At a minimum, areas which include wetlands, areas with a
critical recharging effect on aquifers used for potable water, fish and wildlife habitat conservation areas, frequently flooded areas, geologically hazardous areas, including unstable
slopes, and associated areas and ecosystems. Critical Drainage Area An area with such severe flooding, drainage and/or erosion/sedimentation conditions that the area has been formally
adopted as a Critical Drainage Area by rule under the procedures specified in an ordinance. Critical reach The point in a receiving stream below a discharge point at which the lowest
dissolved oxygen level is reached and stream recovery begins. Culvert Pipe or concrete box structure that drains open channels, swales or ditches under a roadway or embankment. Typically
with no catchbasins or manholes along its length. Cut Portion of land surface or area from which earth earth has been removed or will be removed by excavating; the depth below original
ground surface to excavated surface. Cut-and-fill Process of earth moving by excavating part of an area and using the excavated material for adjacent embankments or fill areas. Cut slope
A slope formed by excavating overlying material to connect the original ground surface with a lower ground surface created by the excavation. A cut slope is distinguished from a bermed
slope, which is constructed by importing soil to create the slope. DNS See Determination of Nonsignificance. Dead storage The volume available in a depression in the ground below any
conveyance system, or surface drainage pathway, or outlet invert elevation that could allow the discharge of surface and stormwater runoff. Dedication of land Refers to setting aside
a portion of a property for a specific use or function. Degradation (Biological or chemical) The breakdown of complex organic or other chemical compounds into simpler substances, usually
less harmful than the original compound, as with the degradation of a persistent pesticide. (Geological) Wearing down by erosion. (Water) The lowering of the water quality of a watercourse
by an increase in the pollutant loading. Degraded (disturbed) wetland (community) A wetland (community) in which the vegetation, soils, and/or hydrology have been adversely altered,
resulting in lost or reduced functions and values; generally, implies topographic isolation; hydrologic alterations such as hydroperiod alteration (increased or decreased quantity of
water), diking, channelization, and/or outlet modification; soils alterations such as presence of fill, soil removal, and/or compaction; accumulation of toxicants in the biotic or abiotic
components of the wetland; and/or low plant species richness with dominance by invasive weedy species. Denitrification The biochemical reduction of nitrates or nitrites in the soil or
organic deposits to ammonia or free nitrogen.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 97 Term Definition Depression storage The amount of precipitation that is trapped in depressions
on the surface of the ground. Design engineer The professional civil engineer licensed in the State of Washington who prepares the analysis, design, and engineering plans for an applicant's
permit or approval submittal. Design storm A prescribed hyetograph and total precipitation amount (for a specific duration recurrence frequency) used to estimate runoff for a hypothetical
storm of interest or concern for the purposes of analyzing existing drainage, designing new drainage facilities or assessing other impacts of a proposed project on the flow of surface
water. (A hyetograph is a graph of percentages of total precipitation for a series of time steps representing the total time during which the precipitation occurs.) Detention The release
of stormwater runoff from the site at a slower rate than it is collected by the stormwater facility system, the difference being held in temporary storage. Detention facility An above
or below ground facility, such as a pond or tank, that temporarily stores stormwater runoff and subsequently releases it at a slower rate than it is collected by the drainage facility
system. There is little or no infiltration of stored stormwater. Detention time The theoretical time required to displace the contents of a stormwater treatment facility at a given rate
of discharge (volume divided by rate of discharge). Determination of Nonsignificance (DNS) The written decision by the responsible official of the lead agency that a proposal is not
likely to have a significant adverse environmental impact, and therefore an EIS is not required. Development Means new development, redevelopment, or both. See definitions for each.
Discharge Runoff leaving a new development or redevelopment via overland flow, built conveyance systems, or infiltration facilities. A hydraulic rate of flow, specifically fluid flow;
a volume of fluid passing a point per unit of time, commonly expressed as cubic feet per second, cubic meters per second, gallons per minute, gallons per day, or millions of gallons
per day. Dispersion Release of surface and stormwater runoff from a drainage facility system such that the flow spreads over a wide area and is located so as not to allow flow to concentrate
anywhere upstream of a drainage channel with erodible underlying granular soils. Ditch A long narrow excavation dug in the earth for drainage with its top width less than 10 feet at
design flow. Divide, Drainage The boundary between one drainage basin and another. Drain A buried pipe or other conduit (closed drain). A ditch (open drain) for carrying off surplus
surface water or groundwater. (To) Drain To provide channels, such as open ditches or closed drains, so that excess water can be removed by surface flow or by internal flow. To lose
water (from the soil) by percolation.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 98 Term Definition Drainage Refers to the collection, conveyance, containment, and/or discharge
of surface and stormwater runoff. Drainage basin A geographic and hydrologic subunit of a watershed. Drainage channel A drainage pathway with a well-defined bed and banks indicating
frequent conveyance of surface and stormwater runoff. Drainage course A pathway for watershed drainage characterized by wet soil vegetation; often intermittent in flow. Drainage easement
A legal encumbrance that is placed against a property's title to reserve specified privileges for the users and beneficiaries of the drainage facilities contained within the boundaries
of the easement. Drainage pathway The route that surface and stormwater runoff follows downslope as it leaves any part of the site. Drainage review An evaluation by City development
review staff of a proposed project's compliance with the drainage requirements in this manual or its technical equivalent. Drainage, Soil As a natural condition of the soil, soil drainage
refers to the frequency and duration of periods when the soil is free of saturation; for example, in welldrained soils the water is removed readily but not rapidly; in poorly drained
soils the root zone is waterlogged for long periods unless artificially drained, and the roots of ordinary crop plants cannot get enough oxygen; in excessively drained soils the water
is removed so completely that most crop plants suffer from lack of water. Strictly speaking, excessively drained soils are a result of excessive runoff due to steep slopes or low available
water-holding capacity due to small amounts of silt and clay in the soil material. The following classes are used to express soil drainage: • Well drained -Excess water drains away rapidly
and no mottling occurs within 36 inches of the surface. • Moderately well drained -Water is removed from the soil somewhat slowly, resulting in small but significant periods of wetness.
Mottling occurs between 18 and 36 inches. • Somewhat poorly drained -Water is removed from the soil slowly enough to keep it wet for significant periods but not all of the time. Mottling
occurs between 8 and 18 inches. • Poorly drained -Water is removed so slowly that the soil is wet for a large part of the time. Mottling occurs between 0 and 8 inches. • Very poorly
drained -Water is removed so slowly that the water table remains at or near the surface for the greater part of the time. There may also be periods
of surface ponding. The soil has a black to gray surface layer with mottles up to the surface. Drawdown Lowering of the water surface (in open channel flow), water table or piezometric
surface (in groundwater flow) resulting from a withdrawal of water.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 7 99 Term Definition Drop-inlet spillway Overall structure in which the water drops through a
vertical riser connected to a discharge conduit. Drop spillway Overall structure in which the water drops over a vertical wall onto an apron at a lower elevation. Drop structure A structure
for dropping water to a lower level and dissipating its surplus energy; a fall. A drop may be vertical or inclined. Dry weather flow The combination of groundwater seepage and allowed
non-stormwater flows found in storm sewers during dry weather. Also that flow in streams during the dry season. EIS See Environmental Impact Statement. ESC Erosion and Sediment Control
(Plan). Earth material Any rock, natural soil or fill and/or any combination thereof. Earth material shall not be considered topsoil used for landscape purposes. Topsoil used for landscaped
purposes shall comply with ASTM D 5268 specifications. Engineered soil/landscape systems are also defined independently. Easement The legal right to use a parcel of land for a particular
purpose. It does not include fee ownership, but may restrict the owners use of the land. Effective Impervious Surface Those impervious surfaces that are connected via sheet flow or discrete
conveyance to a drainage system. Impervious surfaces on residential development sites are considered ineffective if the runoff is dispersed through at least one hundred feet of native
vegetation in accordance with BMP L614 -“Full Dispersion,” as described in Chapter 2 of Volume 6. Impervious surfaces infiltrated according to this manual are also considered ineffective.
Embankment A structure of earth, gravel, or similar material raised to form a pond bank or foundation for a road. Emergent plants Aquatic plants that are rooted in the sediment but whose
leaves are at or above the water surface. These wetland plants often have high habitat value for wildlife and waterfowl, and can aid in pollutant uptake. Emergency spillway A vegetated
earth channel used to safely convey flood discharges in excess of the capacity of the principal spillway. Emerging technology Treatment technologies that are currently being evaluated
for performance. Energy dissipater Any means by which the total energy of flowing water is reduced. In stormwater design, they are usually mechanisms that reduce velocity prior to, or
at, discharge from an outfall in order to prevent erosion. They include rock splash pads, drop manholes, concrete stilling basins or baffles, and check dams. Energy gradient The slope
of the specific energy line (i.e., the sum of the potential and velocity heads).
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 00 Term Definition Engineered soil/ landscape system This is a self-sustaining soil and plant
system that simultaneously supports plant growth, soil microbes, water infiltration, nutrient and pollutant adsorption, sediment and pollutant biofiltration, water interflow, and pollution
decomposition. The system shall be protected from compaction and erosion. The system shall be planted and/or mulched as part of the installation. The engineered soil/plant system shall
have the following characteristics: • Be protected from compaction and erosion. • Have a plant system to support a sustained soil quality. • Possess permeability characteristics of not
less than 6.0, 2.0, and 0.6 inches/hour for hydrologic soil groups A, B, and C, respectively (per ASTM D 3385). D is less than 0.6 inches/hour. • Possess minimum percent organic matter
of 12, 14, 16, and 18 percent (dry-weight basis) for hydrologic soil groups A, B, C, and D, respectively (per ASTM D 2974). Engineering geology The application of geologic knowledge
and principles in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occurring rock and soil for use in the design of civil works. Engineering plan A plan prepared and stamped by a professional
civil engineer. Enhancement To raise value, desirability, or attractiveness of an environment associated with surface water. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) A document that discusses
the likely significant adverse impacts of a proposal, ways to lessen the impacts, and alternatives to the proposal. They are required by the national and state environmental policy acts
when projects are determined to have significant environmental impact. Erodible granular soils Soil materials that are easily eroded and transported by running water, typically fine
or medium grained sand with minor gravel, silt, or clay content. Such soils are commonly described as Everett or Indianola series soil types in the SCS classification. Also included
are any any soils showing examples of existing severe stream channel incision as indicated by unvegetated streambanks standing over two feet high above the base of the channel.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 01 Term Definition Erosion The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice,
or other geological agents, including such processes as gravitational creep. Also, detachment and movement of soil or rock fragments by water, wind, ice, or gravity. The following terms
are used to describe different types of water erosion: • Accelerated erosion -Erosion much more rapid than normal or geologic erosion, primarily as a result of the influence of the activities
of man or, in some cases, of the animals or natural catastrophes that expose bare surfaces (e.g., fires). • Geological erosion -The normal or natural erosion caused by geological processes
acting over long geologic periods and resulting in the wearing away of mountains, the building up of floodplains, coastal plains, etc. Synonymous with natural erosion. • Gully erosion
-The erosion process whereby water accumulates in narrow channels and, over short periods, removes the soil from this narrow area to considerable depths, ranging from 1 to 2 feet to
as much as 75 to 100 feet. • Natural erosion -Wearing away of the earth's surface by water, ice, or other natural agents under natural environmental conditions of climate, vegetation,
etc., undisturbed by man. Synonymous with geological erosion. • Normal erosion -The gradual erosion of land used by man which does not greatly exceed natural erosion. • Rill erosion
-An erosion process in which numerous small channels only several inches deep are formed; occurs mainly on recently disturbed and exposed soils. See Rill. • Sheet erosion -The removal
of a fairly uniform layer of soil from the land surface by runoff. • Splash erosion -The spattering of small soil particles caused by the impact of raindrops on wet soils. The loosened
and spattered particles may or may not be subsequently removed by surface runoff. Erosion classes (soil survey) A grouping of erosion conditions based on the degree of erosion or on
characteristic patterns. Applied to accelerated erosion, not to normal, natural, or geological erosion. Four erosion classes are recognized for water erosion and three for wind erosion.
Erosion and sedimentation control Any temporary or permanent measures taken to reduce erosion; control siltation and sedimentation; and ensure that sediment-laden water does not leave
the site.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 02 Term Definition Erosion and sediment control facility A type of drainage facility designed
to hold water for a period of time to allow sediment contained in the surface and stormwater runoff directed to the facility to settle out so as to improve the quality of the runoff.
Escarpment A steep face or a ridge of high land. Estuarine wetland Generally, an eelgrass bed; salt marsh; or rocky, sandflat, or mudflat intertidal area where fresh and salt water mix.
(Specifically, a tidal wetland with salinity greater than 0.5 parts per thousand, usually semi-enclosed by land but with partially obstructed or sporadic access to the open ocean). Estuary
An area where fresh water meets salt water, or where the tide meets the river current (e.g., bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes and lagoons). Estuaries serve as nurseries and spawning
and feeding grounds for large groups of marine life and provide shelter and food for birds and wildlife. Eutrophication Refers to the process where nutrient over-enrichment of water
leads to excessive growth of aquatic plants, especially algae. Evapotranspiration The collective term for the processes of evaporation and plant transpiration by which water is returned
to the atmosphere. Excavation The mechanical removal of earth material. Exception Relief from the application of a Minimum Requirement to a project. Exfiltration The downward movement
of runoff through the bottom of an infiltration BMP into the soil layer or the downward movement of water through soil. Existing site condition Actual land coverage of the site at the
time of proposed development. FIRM See Flood Insurance Rate Map. Fertilizer Any material or mixture used to supply one or more of the essential plant nutrient elements. Field Capacity
Amount of soil moisture or water content held in soul after excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has materially decreased. Fill A deposit of earth material
placed by artificial means. Filter fabric A woven or non-woven, water-permeable material generally made of synthetic products such as polypropylene and used in stormwater management
and erosion and sediment control applications to trap sediment or prevent the clogging of aggregates by fine soil particles. Filter fabric fence A temporary sediment barrier consisting
of a filter fabric stretched across and attached to supporting posts and entrenched. The filter fence is constructed of stakes and synthetic filter fabric with a rigid wire fence backing
where necessary for support. Filter strip A grassy area with gentle slopes that treats stormwater runoff from adjacent paved areas before it concentrates into a discrete channel. Flocculation
The process by which suspended colloidal or very fine particles are assembled into larger masses or floccules which eventually settle out of suspension. This process occurs naturally
but can also be caused through the use of such
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 03 Term Definition chemicals as alum. Flood An overflow or inundation that comes from a river
or any other source, including (but not limited to) streams, tides, wave action, storm drains, or excess rainfall. Any relatively high stream flow overtopping the natural or artificial
banks in any reach of a stream. Flood control Methods or facilities for reducing flood flows and the extent of flooding. Flood control project A structural system installed to protect
land and improvements from floods by the construction of dikes, river embankments, channels, or dams. Flood frequency The frequency with which the flood of interest may be expected to
occur at a site in any average interval of years. Frequency analysis defines the "n-year flood" as being the flood that will, over a long period of time, be equaled or exceeded on the
average once every "n" years. Flood fringe That portion of the floodplain outside of the floodway which is covered by floodwaters during the base flood; it is generally associated with
slower moving or standing water rather than rapidly flowing water. Flood hazard areas Those areas subject to inundation by the base flood. Includes, but is not limited to streams, lakes,
wetlands, and closed depressions. Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) The official map on which the Federal Emergency Management Agency has delineated many areas of flood hazard, floodway,
and the risk premium zones. Flood Insurance Study The official report provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency that includes flood profiles and the FIRM. Flood peak The highest
value of the stage or discharge attained by a flood; thus, peak stage or peak discharge. Floodplain The total area subject to inundation by a flood including the flood fringe and floodway.
Flood-proofing Adaptations that ensure a structure is substantially impermeable to the passage of water below the flood protection elevation that resists hydrostatic and hydrodynamic
loads and effects of buoyancy. Flood protection elevation The base flood elevation or higher as defined by the local government. Flood protection facility Any levee, berm, wall, enclosure,
raise bank, revetment, constructed bank stabilization, or armoring, that is commonly recognized by the community as providing significant protection to a property from inundation by
flood waters. Flood routing An analytical technique used to compute the effects of system storage dynamics on the shape and movement of flow represented by a hydrograph. Flood stage
The stage at which overflow of the natural banks of a stream begins. Floodway The channel of the river or stream and those portions of the adjoining floodplains that are reasonably required
to carry and discharge the base flood flow. The portions of the adjoining floodplains which are considered to be "reasonably required" is defined by flood hazard regulations.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 04 Term Definition Flow control facility A drainage facility designed to mitigate the impacts
of increased surface and stormwater runoff flow rates generated by development. Flow control facilities are designed either to hold water for a considerable length of time and then release
it by evaporation, plant transpiration, and/or infiltration into the ground, or to hold runoff for a short period of time, releasing it to the conveyance system at a controlled rate.
Flow duration The aggregate time that peak flows are at or above a particular flow rate of interest. For example, the amount of time that peak flows are at or above 50% of the 2-year
peak flow rate for a period of record. Flow frequency The inverse of the probability that the flow will be equaled or exceeded in any given year (the exceedance probability). For example,
if the exceedance probability is 0.01 or 1 in 100, that flow is referred to as the 100-year flow. Flow path The route that stormwater runoff follows between two points of interest. Forebay
An easily maintained, extra storage area provided near an inlet of a BMP to trap incoming sediments before they accumulate in a pond or wetland BMP. Forest practice Any activity conducted
on or directly pertaining to forest land and relating to growing, harvesting, or processing timber, including but not limited to: • Road and trail construction. • Harvesting, final and
intermediate. • Precommercial thinning. • Reforestation. • Fertilization. • Prevention and suppression of diseases and insects. • Salvage of trees. • Brush control. Forested communities
(wetlands) In general terms, communities (wetlands) characterized by woody vegetation that is greater than or equal to 6 meters in height; in this manual the term applies to such communities
(wetlands) that represent a significant amount of tree cover consisting of species that offer wildlife habitat and other values and advance the performance of wetland functions overall.
Freeboard The vertical distance between the design water surface elevation and the elevation of the barrier that contains the water. Frequently flooded areas The 100-year floodplain
designations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Flood Insurance Program or as defined by the local government. Frost-heave The upward movement of soil surface
due to the expansion of water stored between particles in the first few feet of the soil profile as it freezes. May cause surface fracturing of asphalt or concrete.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 05 Term Definition Frequency of storm (design storm frequency) The anticipated period in years
that will elapse, based on average probability of storms in the design region, before a storm of a given intensity and/or total volume will recur; thus a 10-year storm can be expected
to occur on the average once every 10 years. Sewers designed to handle flows that occur under such storm conditions would be expected to be surcharged by any storms of greater amount
or intensity Functions The ecological (physical, chemical, and biological) processes or attributes of a wetland without regard for their importance to society (see also values). Wetland
functions include food chain support, provision of ecosystem diversity and fish and wildlife habitat, floodflow alteration, groundwater recharge and discharge, water quality improvement,
and soil stabilization. Gabion A rectangular or cylindrical wire mesh cage (a chicken wire basket) filled with rock and used as a protecting agent, revetment, etc., against erosion.
Soft gabions, often used in streambank stabilization, are made of geotextiles filled with dirt, in between which cuttings are placed. Gage or gauge A device for registering precipitation,
water level, discharge, velocity, pressure, temperature, etc. Also, a measure of the thickness of metal; e.g., diameter of wire, wall thickness of steel pipe. Gauging station A selected
section of a stream channel equipped with a gauge, recorder, or other facilities for determining stream discharge. Geologist A person who has earned a degree in geology from an accredited
college or university or who has equivalent educational training and has at least five years of experience as a practicing geologist or four years of experience and at least two years
post-graduate study, research or teaching. The practical experience shall include at least three years work in applied geology and landslide evaluation, in close association with qualified
practicing geologists or geotechnical professional/civil engineers. Geologically hazardous areas Areas that, because of their susceptibility to erosion, sliding, earthquake, or other
geological events, are not suited to the siting of commercial, residential, or industrial development consistent with public health or safety concerns. Geometrics The mathematical relationships
between points, lines, angles, and surfaces used to measure and identify areas of land. Geotechnical professional civil engineer A practicing, geotechnical/civil engineer licensed as
a professional Civil Engineer with the State of Washington who has at least four years of professional employment as a geotechnical engineer in responsible charge, including experience
with landslide evaluation. Grade The slope of a road, channel, or natural ground. The finished surface of a canal bed, roadbed, top of embankment, or bottom of excavation; any surface
prepared for the support of construction such as paving or the laying of a conduit. (To) Grade To finish the surface of a canal bed, roadbed, top of embankment or bottom of excavation.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 06 Term Definition Gradient terrace An earth embankment or a ridge-and-channel constructed
with suitable spacing and an acceptable grade to reduce erosion damage by intercepting surface runoff and conducting it to a stable outlet at a stable nonerosive velocity. Grassed waterway
A natural or constructed waterway, usually broad and shallow, covered with erosion-resistant grasses, used to conduct surface water from an area at a reduced flow rate. See also biofilter.
Groundwater Water in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the land surface or a surface waterbody. Groundwater recharge Inflow to a groundwater reservoir. Groundwater table The free surface
of the groundwater, that surface subject to atmospheric pressure under the ground, generally rising and falling with the season, the rate of withdrawal, the rate of restoration, and
other conditions. It is seldom static. Gully A channel caused by the concentrated flow of surface and stormwater runoff over unprotected erodible land. Habitat The specific area or environment
in which a particular type of plant or animal lives. An organism's habitat must provide all of the basic requirements for life and should be protected from harmful biological, chemical,
and physical alterations. Hardpan A cemented or compacted and often clay-like layer of soil that is impenetrable by roots. Also known as glacial till. Harmful pollutant A substance that
has adverse effects to an organism including immediate death, impaired reproduction, cancer or other effects. Head (hydraulics) The height of water above any plane of reference. The
energy, either kinetic or potential, possessed by each unit weight of a liquid, expressed as the vertical height through which a unit weight would have to fall to release the average
energy possessed. Used in various compound terms such as pressure head, velocity head, and head loss. Head loss Energy loss due to friction, eddies, changes in velocity, or direction
of flow. Heavy metals Metals of high specific gravity, present in municipal and industrial wastes, that pose long-term environmental hazards. Such metals include cadmium, chromium, cobalt,
copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 07 Term Definition High-use site High-use sites are those that typically generate high concentrations
of oil due to high traffic turnover or the frequent transfer of oil. High-use sites include: • An area of a commercial or industrial site subject to an expected average daily traffic
(ADT) count equal to or greater than 100 vehicles per 1,000 square feet of gross building area; • An area of a commercial or industrial site subject to petroleum storage and transfer
in excess of 1,500 gallons per year, not including routinely delivered heating oil; • An area of a commercial or industrial site subject to parking, storage or maintenance of 25 or more
vehicles that are over 10 tons gross weight (trucks, buses, trains, heavy equipment, etc.); • A road intersection with a measured ADT count of 25,000 vehicles or more on the main roadway
and 15,000 vehicles or more on any intersecting roadway, excluding projects proposing primarily pedestrian or bicycle use. Highway A main public road connecting towns and cities. Hog
fuel See wood-based mulch. Horton overland flow A runoff process whereby the rainfall rate exceeds the infiltration rate, so that the precipitation that does not infiltrate flows downhill
over the soil surface. HSPF Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran. A continuous simulation hydrologic model that transforms an uninterrupted rainfall record into a concurrent series
of runoff or flow data by means of a set of mathematical algorithms which represent the rainfall-runoff process at some conceptual level. Humus Organic matter in or on a soil, composed
of partly or fully decomposed bits of plant tissue or from animal manure. Hydraulic Conductivity The quality of saturated soil that enables water or air to move through it. Also known
as permeability coefficient. Hydraulic gradient Slope of the potential head relative to a fixed datum. Hydrodynamics The dynamic energy, force, or motion of fluids as affected by the
physical forces acting upon those fluids. Hydrograph A graph of runoff rate, inflow rate or discharge rate, past a specific point over time. Hydrologic cycle The circuit of water movement
from the atmosphere to the earth and return to the atmosphere through various stages or processes as precipitation, interception, runoff, infiltration, percolation, storage, evaporation,
and transpiration.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 08 Term Definition Hydrologic Soil Groups A soil characteristic classification system defined
by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service in which a soil may be categorized into one of four soil groups (A, B, C, or D) based upon infiltration rate and other properties. Type A: Low runoff
potential. Soils having high infiltration rates, even when thoroughly wetted, and consisting chiefly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravels. These soils have a
high rate of water transmission. Type B: Moderately low runoff potential. Soils having moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted, and consisting chiefly of moderately fine to
moderately coarse textures. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. Type C: Moderately high runoff potential. Soils having slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted,
and consisting chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes downward movement of water, or soils with moderately fine to fine textures. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.
Type D: High runoff potential. Soils having very slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted, and consisting chiefly of clay soils with a high swelling potential, soils with a permanent
high water table, soils with a hardpan, till, or clay layer at or near the surface, soils with a compacted subgrade at or near the surface, and shallow soils or nearly impervious material.
These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission.1 1 Vladimir Novotny and Harvey Olem. Water Quality Prevention, Identification, and Management of Diffuse Pollution, Van Nostrand
Reinhold: New York, 1994, p. 109. Hydrology The science of the behavior of water in the atmosphere, on the surface of the earth, and underground. Hydroperiod A seasonal occurrence of
flooding and/or soil saturation; it encompasses depth, frequency, duration, and seasonal pattern of inundation. Hyetograph A graph of percentages of total precipitation for a series
of time steps representing the total time in which precipitation occurs. Illicit discharge All non-stormwater discharges to stormwater drainage systems that cause or contribute to a
violation of state water quality, sediment quality or groundwater quality standards, including but not limited to sanitary sewer connections, industrial process water, interior floor
drains, car washing, and greywater systems. Impact basin A device used to dissipate the energy of flowing water. Generally constructed of concrete in the form of a partially depressed
or partially submerged vessel, it may utilize baffles to dissipate velocities. Impervious Not allowing penetration.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 09 Term Definition Impervious surface A hard surface area which either prevents or retards
the entry of water into the soil mantle as under natural conditions prior to development. A hard surface area which causes water to run off the surface in greater quantities or at an
increased rate of flow from the flow present under natural conditions prior to development. Common impervious surfaces include, but are not limited to, rooftops, walkways, patios, driveways,
parking lots or storage areas, concrete or asphalt paving, gravel roads, oil mat roads, packed earthen materials, and oiled, macadam or other surfaces which similarly impede the natural
infiltration of stormwater. Open, uncovered retention/detention facilities shall not be considered as impervious surfaces for the purposes of determining whether the thresholds for application
of minimum requirements are exceeded. Open, uncovered retention/detention facilities shall be considered impervious surfaces for purposes of runoff modeling. Impoundment A natural or
man-made containment for surface water. Improvement Streets (with or without curbs or gutters), sidewalks, crosswalks, parking lots, water mains, sanitary and storm sewers, drainage
facilities, street trees and other appropriate items. Industrial activities Material handling, transportation, or storage; manufacturing; maintenance; treatment; or disposal. Areas with
industrial activities include plant yards, access roads and rail lines used by carriers of raw materials, manufactured products, waste material, or by-products; material handling sites;
refuse sites; sites used for the application or disposal of process waste waters; sites used for the storage and maintenance of material handling equipment; sites used for residual treatment,
storage, or disposal; shipping and receiving areas; manufacturing buildings; storage areas for raw materials, and intermediate and finished products; and areas where industrial activity
has taken place in the past and significant materials remain and are exposed to stormwater. Industrial sites Those sites required to obtain the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) Industrial Stormwater General Permit coverage in accordance with 40 CFR 122.26. These sites include industrial areas that manufacture, process, or store raw materials.
Infiltration Means the downward movement of water from the surface to the subsoil. Infiltration facility (or system) A drainage facility designed to use the hydrologic process of surface
and stormwater runoff soaking into the ground, commonly referred to as a percolation, to dispose of surface and stormwater runoff. Infiltration rate The rate, usually expressed in inches/hour,
at which water moves downward (percolates) through the soil profile. Short-term infiltration rates may be inferred from soil analysis or texture or derived from field measurements. Long-term
infiltration rates are affected by variability in soils and subsurface conditions at the site, the effectiveness of pretreatment or influent control, and the degree of long-term maintenance
of the infiltration facility. Ingress/egress The points of access to and from a property. Inlet A form of connection between surface of the ground and a drain or sewer for the admission
of surface and stormwater runoff.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 10 Term Definition Insecticide A substance, usually chemical, that is used to kill insects.
Interception (Hydraulics) The process by which precipitation is caught and held by foliage, twigs, and branches of trees, shrubs, and other vegetation. Often used for "interception loss"
or the amount of water evaporated from the precipitation intercepted. Interflow That portion of rainfall that infiltrates into the soil and moves laterally through the upper soil horizons
until intercepted by a stream channel or until it returns to the surface for example, in a roadside ditch, wetland, spring or seep. Interflow is a function of the soil system depth,
permeability, and water-holding capacity. Intermittent stream A stream or portion of a stream that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It receives little or no water from
springs and no long-continued supply from melting snow or other sources. It is dry for a large part part of the year, ordinarily more than three months. Invasive weedy plant species
Opportunistic species of inferior biological value that tend to out-compete more desirable forms and become dominant; applied to non-native species in this manual. Invert The lowest
point on the inside of a sewer or other conduit. Invert elevation The vertical elevation of a pipe or orifice in a pond that defines the water level. Isopluvial map A map with lines
representing constant depth of total precipitation for a given return frequency. Lag time The interval between the center of mass of the storm precipitation and the peak flow of the
resultant runoff. Lake An area permanently inundated by water in excess of two meters deep and greater than 20 acres in size as measured at the ordinary high water marks. Land disturbing
activity Any activity that results in a movement of earth or a change in the existing soil cover (both vegetative and non-vegetative) and/or the existing soil topography. Land disturbing
activities include, but are not limited to clearing, grading, filling, and excavation. Compaction that is associated with stabilization of structures and road construction shall also
be considered a land disturbing activity. Vegetation maintenance practices are not considered land-disturbing activity. Landslide Episodic downslope movement of a mass of soil or rock
that includes but is not limited to rockfalls, slumps, mudflows, and earthflows. For the purpose of these rules, snow avalanches are considered to be a special case of landsliding. Landslide
hazard areas Those areas subject to a severe risk of landslide. Leachable materials Those substances that, when exposed to rainfall, measurably alter the physical or chemical characteristics
of the rainfall runoff. Examples include erodible soils, uncovered process wastes, manure, fertilizers, oil substances, ashes, kiln dust, and garbage dumpster leakage. Leachate Liquid
that has percolated through soil and contains substances in solution or suspension. Leaching Removal of the more soluble materials from the soil by percolating waters.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 11 Term Definition Legume A member of the legume or pulse family, Leguminosae, one of the most
important and widely distributed plant families. The fruit is a "legume" or pod. Includes many valuable food and forage species, such as peas, beans, clovers, alfalfas, sweet clovers,
and vetches. Practically all legumes are nitrogen-fixing plants. Level pool routing The basic technique of storage routing used for sizing and analyzing detention storage and determining
water levels for ponding water bodies. The level pool routing technique is based on the continuity equation: Inflow – Outflow = Change in storage. Level spreader A temporary ESC device
used to spread out stormwater runoff uniformly over the ground surface as sheet flow (i.e., not through channels). The purpose of level spreaders is to prevent concentrated, erosive
flows from occurring, and to enhance infiltration. LID See Low impact development. Local government Any county, city, town, or special purpose district having its own incorporated government
for local affairs. Low flow channel An incised or paved channel from inlet to outlet in a dry basin which is designed to carry low runoff flows and/or baseflow, directly to the outlet
without detention. Low impact development A stormwater management strategy that emphasizes conservation and the use of existing natural site features integrated with engineered, small-scale
stormwater controls to more closely mimic predevelopment hydrologic conditions. Low permeable liner A layer of compacted till or clay, or a geomembrane. Lowest floor The lowest enclosed
area (including basement) of a structure. An area used solely for parking of vehicles, building access, or storage, in an area other than a basement area, is not considered a building's
lowest floor, provided that the enclosed area meets all of the structural requirements of the flood hazard standards. MDNS A Mitigated Determination of Nonsignificance (See DNS and Mitigation).
Maintenance Repair and maintenance includes activities conducted on currently serviceable structures, facilities, and equipment that involves no expansion or use beyond that previously
existing and resulting in no significant adverse hydrologic impact. It includes those usual activities taken to prevent a decline, lapse, or cessation in the use of structures and systems
and includes replacement of dysfunctioning facilities, including cases where environmental permits require replacing an existing structure with a different type structure, as long as
the functioning characteristics of the original structure are not changed. For example, replacing a collapsed, fish blocking, round culvert with a new box culvert under the same span,
or width, of roadway. For further details on the application of this manual to various road management functions, please see Volume 1, Section 3.2.1.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 12 Term Definition Manning's equation An equation used to predict the velocity of water flow
in an open channel or pipelines: V = 1.486R2/3S1/2 n where: V is the mean velocity of flow in feet per second R is the hydraulic radius in feet S is the slope of the energy gradient
or, for assumed uniform flow, the slope of the channel in feet per foot; and n is Manning's roughness coefficient or retardance factor of the channel lining. Mass wasting The movement
of large volumes of earth material downslope. Master drainage plan A comprehensive drainage control plan intended to prevent significant adverse impacts to the natural and manmade drainage
system, both on and off-site. Mean annual water level fluctuation Derived as follows: (1) Measure the maximum water level (e.g., with a crest stage gage, Reinelt and Horner 1990) and
the existing water level at the time of the site visit (e.g., with a staff gage) on at least eight occasions spread through a year. (2) Take the difference of the maximum and existing
water level on each occasion and divide by the number of occasions. Mean depth Average depth; cross-sectional area of a stream or channel divided by its surface or top width. Mean velocity
The average velocity of a stream flowing in a channel or conduit at a given cross-section or in a given reach. It is equal to the discharge divided by the cross-sectional area of the
reach. Measuring weir A shaped notch through which water flows are measured. Common shapes are rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular. Mechanical analysis The analytical procedure
by which soil particles are separated to determine the particle size distribution. Mechanical practices Soil and water conservation practices that primarily change the surface of the
land or that store, convey, regulate, or dispose of runoff water without excessive erosion. Metals Elements, such as mercury, lead, nickel, zinc and cadmium, which are of environmental
concern because they do not degrade over time. Although many are necessary nutrients, they are sometimes magnified in the food chain, and they can be toxic to life in high enough concentrations.
They are also referred to as heavy metals.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 13 Term Definition Microbes The lower trophic levels of the soil food web. They are normally
considered to include bacteria, fungi, flagellates, amoebae, ciliates, and nematodes. These in turn support the higher trophic levels, such as mites and earthworms. Together they are
the basic life forms that are necessary for plant growth. Soil microbes also function to bioremediate pollutants such as petroleum, nutrients, and pathogens. Mitigation To lessen known
impacts to the environment. Mitigation should be conducted in the following order of preference: (1) Avoiding the impact altogether by not taking a certain action or part of an action;
(2) Minimizing impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its implementation, by using appropriate technology, or by taking affirmative steps to avoid or reduce impacts;
(3) Rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating or restoring the affected environment; (4) Reducing or eliminating the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations
during the life of the action; and (5) Compensating for the impact by replacing, enhancing, or providing substitute resources or environments. Modification, modified (wetland) A wetland
whose physical, hydrological, or water quality characteristics have been purposefully altered for a management purpose, such as by dredging, filling, forebay construction, and inlet
or outlet control. Monitor To systematically and repeatedly measure something in order to track changes. Monitoring The collection of data by various methods for the purposes of understanding
natural systems and features, evaluating the impacts of development proposals on such systems, and assessing the performance of mitigation measures imposed as conditions of development.
Multifamily sites Sites defined as multifamily in ACC Title 18. NGPE See Native Growth Protection Easement. NGVD National Geodetic Vertical Datum. NPDES The National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System as established by the Federal Clean Water Act. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) The part of the federal Clean Water Act, which requires point
source dischargers to obtain permits. These permits are referred to as NPDES permits and, in Washington State, are administered by the Washington State Department of Ecology Native Growth
Protection Easement (NGPE) An easement granted for the protection of native vegetation within a sensitive area or its associated buffer. The NGPE shall be recorded on the appropriate
documents of title and filed with the County Records Division.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 14 Term Definition Native vegetation Vegetation comprised of plant species, other than noxious
weeds, that are indigenous to the coastal region of the Pacific Northwest and which reasonably could have been expected to naturally occur on the site. Examples include trees such as
Douglas fir, Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Alder, Big-leaf Maple, and Vine Maple; shrubs such as willow, elderberry, salmonberry and salal; and herbaceous plants such as sword
fern, foam flower, and fireweed. Natural location Means the location of those channels, swales, and other non-manmade conveyance systems as defined by the first documented topographic
contours existing for the subject property, either from maps or photographs, or such other means as appropriate. In the case of outwash soils with relatively flat terrain, no natural
location of surface discharge may exist. New development Land disturbing activities, including Class IV --general forest practices that are conversions from timber land to other uses;
structural development, including construction or installation of a building or other structure; creation of impervious surfaces; and subdivision, short subdivision and binding site
plans, as defined and applied in Chapter 58.17 RCW. Projects meeting the definition of redevelopment shall not be considered new development. Nitrate (NO3) A form of nitrogen which is
an essential nutrient to plants. It can cause algal blooms in water if all other nutrients are present in sufficient quantities. It is a product of bacterial oxidation of other forms
of nitrogen, from the atmosphere during electrical storms and from fertilizer manufacturing. Nitrification The biochemical oxidation process by which ammonia is changed first to nitrites
and then to nitrates by bacterial action, consuming oxygen in the water. Nitrogen, Available Usually ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate ions, and certain simple amines available for plant
growth. A small fraction of organic or total nitrogen in the soil is available at any time. Nonpoint source pollution Pollution that enters a waterbody from diffuse origins on the watershed
and does not result from discernible, confined, or discrete conveyances. Normal depth The depth of uniform flow. This is a unique depth of flow for any combination of channel characteristics
and flow conditions. Normal depth is calculated using Manning's Equation. NRCS Method See SCS Method. Nutrients Essential chemicals needed by plants or animals for growth. Excessive
amounts of nutrients can lead to degradation of water quality and algal blooms. Some nutrients can be toxic at high concentrations. Off-line facilities Water quality treatment facilities
to which stormwater runoff is restricted to some maximum flow rate or volume by a flow-splitter. Offsite drainage Any area lying upstream of the site that drains onto the site and any
area lying downstream of the site to which the site drains. Off-system storage Facilities for holding or retaining excess flows over and above the carrying capacity of the stormwater
conveyance system, in chambers, tanks, lagoons, ponds, or other basins that are not a part of the subsurface sewer system.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 15 Term Definition Oil/water separator A vault, usually underground, designed to provide a
quiescent environment to separate oil from water. On-line facilities Water quality treatment facilities which receive all of the stormwater runoff from a drainage area. Flows above the
water quality design flow rate or volume are passed through at a lower percent removal efficiency. On-site drainage Drainage originating within the site. On-site Stormwater Management
BMPs Site development techniques that serve to infiltrate, disperse, and retain stormwater runoff on-site. Operational BMPs Operational BMPs are a type of Source Control BMP. They are
schedules of activities, prohibition of practices, and other managerial practices to prevent or reduce pollutants from entering stormwater. Operational BMPs include formation of a pollution
prevention team, good housekeeping, preventive maintenance procedures, spill prevention and clean-clean-up, employee training, inspections of pollutant sources and BMPs, and record keeping.
They can also include process changes, raw material/product changes, and recycling wastes. Ordinary high water mark The term ordinary high water mark means the line on the shore established
by the fluctuations of water and indicated by physical characteristics such as a clear, natural line impressed on the bank; shelving; changes in the character of soil destruction on
terrestrial vegetation, or the presence of litter and debris; or other appropriate means that consider the characteristics of the surrounding area. The ordinary high water mark will
be found by examining the bed and banks of a stream and ascertaining where the presence and action of waters are so common and usual, and so long maintained in all ordinary years, as
to mark upon the soil a character distinct from that of the abutting upland, in respect to vegetation. In any area where the ordinary high water mark cannot be found, the line of mean
high water shall substitute. In any area where neither can be found, the channel bank shall be substituted. In braided channels and alluvial fans, the ordinary high water mark or substitute
shall be measured so as to include the entire stream feature. Organic matter Organic matter as decomposed animal or vegetable matter. It is measured by ASTM D 2974. Organic matter is
an important reservoir of carbon and a dynamic component of soil and the carbon cycle. It improves soil and plant efficiency by improving soil physical properties including drainage,
aeration, and other structural characteristics. It contains the nutrients, microbes, and higherform soil food web organisms necessary for plant growth. The maturity of organic matter
is a measure of its beneficial properties. Raw organic matter can release water-soluble nutrients (similar to chemical fertilizer). Beneficial organic matter has undergone a humification
process either naturally in the environment or through a composting process. Orifice An opening with closed perimeter, usually sharp-edged, and of regular form in a plate, wall, or partition
through which water may flow, generally used for the purpose of measurement or control of water. Outlet Point of water disposal from a stream, river, lake, tidewater, or artificial drain.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 16 Term Definition Outlet channel A waterway constructed or altered primarily to carry water
from man-made structures, such as terraces, tile lines, and diversions. Outwash soils Soils formed from highly permeable sands and gravels. Overflow A device that allows the portion
of flow above which can be handled to discharge downstream. Overflow rate Detention basin release rate divided by the surface area of the basin. It can be thought of as an average flow
rate through the basin. Overtopping To flow over the limits of a containment or conveyance element. Particle Size The effective diameter of a particle as measured by sedimentation, sieving,
or micrometric methods. Peak discharge The maximum instantaneous rate of flow during a storm, usually in reference to a specific design storm event. Peak-shaving Controlling post-development
peak discharge rates to pre-development levels by providing temporary detention in a BMP. Percolation The movement of water through soil. Percolation rate The rate, often expressed in
minutes/inch, at which clear water, maintained at a relatively constant depth, will seep out of a standardized test hole that has been previously saturated. The term percolation rate
is often used synonymously with infiltration rate (short-term infiltration rate). Permanent Stormwater Control (PSC) Plan A plan which includes permanent BMPs for the control of pollution
from stormwater runoff after construction and/or land disturbing activity has been completed. Permeable soils Soil materials with a sufficiently rapid infiltration rate so as to greatly
reduce or eliminate surface and stormwater runoff. These soils are generally classified as SCS hydrologic soil types A and B. Person Any individual, partnership, corporation, association,
organization, cooperative, public or municipal corporation, agency of the state, or local government unit, however designated. Perviousness Related to the size and continuity of void
spaces in soils; related to a soil's infiltration rate. Pesticide A general term used to describe any substance -usually chemical -used to destroy or control organisms; includes herbicides,
insecticides, algicides, fungicides, and others. Many of these substances are manufactured and are not naturally found in the environment. Others, such as pyrethrum, are natural toxins
that are extracted from plants and animals. pH A measure of the alkalinity or acidity of a substance which is conducted by measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in the substance.
A pH of 7.0 indicates neutral water. A 6.5 reading is slightly acid. Physiographic Characteristics of the natural physical environment (including hills).
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 17 Term Definition Plan Approval Authority The Plan Approval Authority is defined as that department
within a local government that has been delegated authority to approve stormwater site plans. Planned unit development (PUD) A special classification authorized in some zoning ordinances,
where a unit of land under control of a single developer may be used for a variety of uses and densities, subject to review and approval by the local governing body. The locations of
the zones are usually decided on a case-by-case basis. Plat A map or representation of a subdivision showing the division of a tract or parcel of land into lots, blocks, streets, or
other divisions and dedications. Plunge pool A device used to dissipate the energy of flowing water that may be constructed or made by the action of flowing. These facilities may be
protected by various lining materials. Point discharge The release of collected and/or concentrated surface and stormwater runoff from a pipe, culvert, or channel. Point of compliance
The location at which compliance with a discharge performance standard or a receiving water quality standard is measured. Pollution Contamination or other alteration of the physical,
chemical, or biological properties, of waters of the state, including change in temperature, taste, color, turbidity, or odor of the waters, or such discharge of any liquid, gaseous,
solid, radioactive or other substance into any waters of the state as will or is likely to create a nuisance or render such waters harmful, detrimental or injurious to the public health,
safety or welfare, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate beneficial uses, or to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic
life. Pollution-generating impervious surface (PGIS) Those impervious surfaces considered to be a significant source of pollutants in stormwater runoff. Such surfaces include those which
are subject to: vehicular use; industrial activities (as further defined in this glossary); or storage of erodible or leachable materials, wastes, or chemicals, and which receive direct
rainfall or the run-on or blow-in of rainfall. Erodible or leachable materials, wastes, or chemicals are those substances which, when exposed to rainfall, measurably alter the physical
or chemical characteristics of the rainfall runoff. Examples include erodible soils that are stockpiled, uncovered process wastes, manure, fertilizers, oily substances, ashes, kiln dust,
and garbage dumpster leakage. Metal roofs are also considered to be PGIS unless they are coated with an inert, non-leachable material (e.g., baked-on enamel coating). A surface, whether
paved or not, shall be considered subject to vehicular use if it is regularly used by motor vehicles. The following are considered regularlyused surfaces: roads, non-vegetated road shoulders,
bike lanes within the traveled lane of a roadway, driveways, parking lots, unfenced fire lanes, vehicular equipment storage yards, and airport runways. The following are not considered
regularly-used surfaces: paved bicycle pathways separated from and not subject to drainage from roads for motor vehicles, fenced fire lanes, and infrequently used maintenance access
roads.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 18 Term Definition Pollution-generating pervious surface (PGPS) Any non-impervious surface
subject to use of pesticides and fertilizers or loss of soil. Typical PGPS include lawns, landscaped areas, golf courses, parks, cemeteries, and sports fields Predeveloped Condition
The native vegetation and soils that existed at a site prior to the influence of Euro-American settlement. The pre-developed condition shall be assumed to be forested land cover unless
reasonable, historic information is provided that indicates the site was prairie prior to settlement. Prediction For the purposes of this document an expected outcome based on the results
of hydrologic modeling and/or the judgment of a trained professional civil engineer or geologist. Pretreatment The removal of material such as solids, grit, grease, and scum from flows
prior to physical, biological, or physical treatment processes to improve treatability. Pretreatment Pretreatment may include screening, grit removal, settling, oil/water separation,
or application of a Basic Treatment BMP prior to infiltration. Priority peat systems Unique, irreplaceable fens that can exhibit water pH in a wide range from highly acidic to alkaline,
including fens typified by Sphagnum species, Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador tea), Drosera rotundifolia (sundew), and Vaccinium oxycoccos (bog cranberry); marl fens; estuarine peat deposits;
and other moss peat systems with relatively diverse, undisturbed flora and fauna. Bog is the common name for peat systems having the Sphagnum association described, but this term applies
strictly only to systems that receive water income from precipitation exclusively. Professional civil engineer A person registered with the state of Washington as a professional engineer
in civil engineering. Project Any proposed action to alter or develop a site. The proposed action of a permit application or an approval, which requires drainage review. Project site
That portion of a property, properties, or right of way subject to land disturbing activities, new impervious surfaces, or replaced impervious surfaces. On-site and associated off-site
improvements shall be added together when determining if a project site exceeds a threshold. The City shall make the final determination of the project site. Properly Functioning Soil
System (PFSS) Equivalent to engineered soil/landscape system. This can also be a natural system that has not been disturbed or modified. Puget Sound basin Puget Sound south of Admiralty
Inlet (including Hood Canal and Saratoga Passage); the waters north to the Canadian border, including portions of the Strait of Georgia; the Strait of Juan de Fuca south of the Canadian
border; and all the lands draining into these waters as mapped in Water Resources Inventory Areas numbers 1 through 19, set forth in WAC 173-500-040. R/D See retention/detention facility.
Rare, threatened, or endangered species Plant or animal species that are regional relatively uncommon, uncommon, are nearing endangered status, or whose existence is in immediate jeopardy
and is usually restricted to highly specific habitats. Threatened and endangered species are officially listed by federal and state authorities, whereas rare species are unofficial species
of concern that fit the above definitions.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 19 Term Definition Rational method A means of computing storm drainage flow rates (Q) by use
of the formula Q = CIA, where C is a coefficient describing the physical drainage area, I is the rainfall intensity
and A is the area. Reach A length of channel with uniform characteristics. Receiving waters Bodies of water or surface water systems to which surface runoff is discharged via a point
source of stormwater or via sheet flow. Recharge The addition of water to the zone of saturation (i.e., an aquifer). Recommended BMPs As used in Volume 4, recommended BMPs are those
BMPs that are not expected to be mandatory by local governments at new development and redevelopment sites. However, they may improve pollutant control efficiency, and may provide a
more comprehensive and environmentally effective stormwater management program. Redevelopment On a site that is already substantially developed (i.e., has 35% or more of existing impervious
surface coverage), the creation or addition of impervious surfaces; the expansion of a building footprint or addition or replacement of a structure; structural development including
construction, installation or expansion of a building or other structure; replacement of impervious surface that is not part of a routine maintenance activity; and land disturbing activities.
Regional An action (here, for stormwater management purposes) that involves more than one discrete property. Regional detention facility A stormwater quantity control structure designed
to correct existing surface water runoff problems of a basin or sub-basin. The area downstream has been previously identified as having existing or predicted significant and regional
flooding and/or erosion problems. This term is also used when a detention facility is sited to detain stormwater runoff from a number of new developments or areas within a catchment.
Release rate The computed peak rate of surface and stormwater runoff from a site. Removed impervious surface Areas where the impervious surface covering (i.e. building, pavement, gravel,
etc.) has been removed, the soil has been amended in accordance with the BMP L613 (Volume 6, Section 2.2.1.4) and the area is left as a permanent pervious surface (landscaping, natural
areas) and planted with native vegetation including evergreen trees. Removed impervious surfaces are not required to be added to the impervious area totals to determine compliance with
Minimum Requirements #6 and #7. Replaced impervious surface For structures, the removal and replacement of any exterior impervious surfaces or foundation. For other impervious surfaces,
the removal down to bare soil or base course and replacement. Residential density The number of dwelling units per unit of surface area. Net density includes only occupied land. Gross
density includes unoccupied portions of residential areas, such as roads and open space.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 20 Term Definition Restoration Actions performed to reestablish wetland functional characteristics
and processes that have been lost by alterations, activities, or catastrophic events in an area that no longer meets the definition of a wetland Retention The process of collecting and
holding surface and stormwater runoff with no surface outflow. Retention/detention facility (R/D) A type of drainage facility designed either to hold water for a considerable length
of time and then release it by evaporation, plant transpiration, and/or infiltration into the ground; or to hold surface and stormwater runoff for a short period of time and then release
it to the surface and stormwater management system. Retrofitting The renovation of an existing structure or facility to meet changed conditions or to improve performance. Return frequency
A statistical term for the average time of expected interval that an event of some kind will equal or exceed given conditions (e.g., a stormwater flow that occurs every 2 years) Rhizome
A modified plant stem that grows horizontally underground. Riffles Fast sections of a stream where shallow water races over stones and gravel. Riffles usually support a wider variety
of bottom organisms than other stream sections. Rill A small intermittent watercourse with steep sides, usually only a few inches deep. Often rills are caused by an increase in surface
water flow when soil is cleared of vegetation. Riprap A facing layer or protective mound of rocks placed to prevent erosion or sloughing of a structure or embankment due to flow of surface
and stormwater runoff. Riparian Pertaining to the banks of streams, wetlands, lakes, or tidewater. Riser A vertical pipe extending from the bottom of a pond BMP that is used to control
the discharge rate from a BMP for a specified design storm. Road Related Project A project whose objective is the construction or maintenance of a road. Roads built as a requirement
for for permit issuance are not included in this category. Rodenticide A substance used to destroy rodents. Runoff Water originating from rainfall and other precipitation that is found
in drainage facilities, rivers, streams, springs, seeps, ponds, lakes and wetlands as well as shallow groundwater. As applied in this manual, it also means the portion of rainfall or
other precipitation that becomes surface flow and interflow. SCS Soil Conservation Service (now the Natural Resources Conservation Service), U.S. Department of Agriculture SCS Method
A single-event hydrologic analysis technique for estimating runoff based on the Curve Number method. The Curve Numbers are published by NRCS in Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds,
55 TR, June 1976. With the change in name to the Natural Resource Conservation Service, the method may be referred to as the NRCS Method. SEPA See State Environmental Policy Act. Salmonid
A member of the fish family Salmonidae. Chinook, coho, chum, sockeye and
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 21 Term Definition pink salmon; cutthroat, brook, brown, rainbow, and steelhead trout; Dolly
Varden, kokanee, and char are examples of salmonid species. Sand filter A man-made depression or basin with a layer of sand that treats stormwater as it percolates through the sand and
is discharged via a central collector pipe Saturation point In soils, the point at which a soil or an aquifer will no longer absorb any amount of water without losing an equal amount.
Scour Erosion of channel banks due to excessive velocity of the flow of surface and stormwater runoff. Sediment Fragmented material that originates from weathering and erosion of rocks
or unconsolidated deposits, and is transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water. Sedimentation The depositing or formation of sediment. Sensitive emergent vegetation communities
Assemblages of erect, rooted, herbaceous vegetation, excluding mosses and lichens, at least some of of whose members have relatively narrow ranges of environmental requirements, such
as hydroperiod, nutrition, temperature, and light. Examples include fen species such as sundew and, as well as a number of species of Carex (sedges). Sensitive life stages Stages during
which organisms have limited mobility or alternatives in securing the necessities of life, especially including reproduction, rearing, and migration periods. Sensitive scrub-shrub vegetation
communities Assemblages of woody vegetation less than 6 meters in height, at least some of whose members have relatively narrow ranges of environmental requirements, such as hydroperiod,
nutrition, temperature, and light. Examples include fen species such as Labrador tea, bog laurel, and cranberry. Settleable solids Those suspended solids in stormwater that separate
by settling when the stormwater is held in a quiescent condition for a specified time. Sheet erosion The relatively uniform removal of soil from an area without the development of conspicuous
water channels. Sheet flow Runoff that flows over the ground surface as a thin, even layer, not concentrated in a channel. Shoreline development The proposed project as regulated by
the Shoreline Management Act. Usually the construction over water or within a shoreline zone (generally 200 feet landward of the water) of structures such as buildings, piers, bulkheads,
and breakwaters, including environmental alterations such as dredging and filling, or any project which interferes with public navigational rights on the surface waters. Short circuiting
The passage of runoff through a BMP in less than the design treatment time. Siltation The process by which a river, lake, or other waterbody becomes clogged with sediment. Silt can clog
gravel beds and prevent successful salmon spawning. Site The legal boundaries of a parcel or parcels of land that is (are) subject to new development or redevelopment. For road projects,
the length of the project site and the right-of-way boundaries define the site.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 22 Term Definition Slope Degree of deviation of a surface from the horizontal; measured as
a numerical ratio, percent, or in degrees. Expressed as a ratio, the first number is the horizontal distance (run) and the second is the vertical distance (rise), as 2:1. A 2:1 slope
is a 50 percent slope. Expressed in degrees, the slope is the angle from the horizontal plane, with a 90° slope being vertical (maximum) and 45° being a 1:1 or 100 percent slope. Sloughing
The sliding of overlying material. It is the same effect as caving, but it usually occurs when the bank or an underlying stratum is saturated or scoured. Soil The unconsolidated mineral
and organic material on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants. See also topsoil, engineered soil/landscape system, and properly
functioning soil system. Soil group, hydrologic A classification of soils by the Soil Conservation Service into four runoff potential groups. The groups range from A soils, which are
very permeable and produce little or no runoff, to D soils, which are not very permeable and produce much more runoff. Soil horizon A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface,
which has distinct characteristics produced by soil-forming factors. Soil profile A vertical section of the soil from the surface through all horizons, including C horizons. Soil structure
The relation of particles or groups of particles which impart to the whole soil a characteristic manner of breaking; some types are crumb structure, block structure, platy structure,
and columnar structure. Soil permeability The ease with which gases, liquids, or plant roots penetrate or pass through a layer of soil. Soil stabilization The use of measures such as
rock lining, vegetation or other engineering structures to prevent the movement of soil when loads are applied to the soil. Soil Texture Class The relative proportion, by weight, of
particle sizes, based on the USDA system, of individual soil grains less than 2 mm equivalent diameter in a mass of soil. The basic texture classes in the approximate order of increasing
proportions of fine particles include: sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. Sorption The physical or chemical binding of
pollutants to sediment or organic particles. Source control BMP A structure or operation that is intended to prevent pollutants from coming into contact with stormwater through physical
separation of areas or careful management of activities that are sources of pollutants. This manual separates source control BMPs into two types. Structural source control BMPs are physical,
structural, or mechanical devices or facilities that are intended to prevent pollutants from entering stormwater. Operational BMPs are nonstructural practices that prevent or reduce
pollutants from entering stormwater. See Volume 4 for details.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 23 Term Definition Spill control device A Tee section or turn down elbow designed to retain
a limited volume of pollutant that floats on water, such as oil or antifreeze. Spill control devices are passive and must be cleaned-out for the spilled pollutant to actually be removed.
Spillway A passage such as a paved apron or channel for surplus water over or around a dam or similar obstruction. An open or closed channel, or both, used to convey excess water from
a reservoir. It may contain gates, either manually or automatically controlled, to regulate the discharge of excess water. State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) RCW 43.21C The Washington
State law intended to minimize environmental damage. SEPA requires that state agencies and local governments consider environmental factors when making decisions on activities, such
as development proposals over a certain size and comprehensive plans. As part of this process, environmental documents are prepared and opportunities for public comment are provided.
Steep slope Slopes of 40 percent gradient or steeper within a vertical elevation change of at least ten feet. A slope is delineated by establishing its toe and top, and is measured by
averaging the inclination over at least ten feet of vertical relief. For the purpose of this definition: The toe of a slope is a distinct topographic break in slope that separates slopes
inclined at less than 40% from slopes 40% or steeper. Where no distinct break exists, the toe of a steep slope is the lower-most limit of the area where the ground surface drops ten
feet or more vertically within a horizontal distance of 25 feet; AND The top of a slope is a distinct topographic break in slope that separates slopes inclined at less than 40% from
slopes 40% or steeper. Where no distinct break exists, the top of a steep slope is the upper-most limit of the area where the ground surface drops ten feet or more vertically within
a horizontal distance of 25 feet. Storage routing A method to account for the attenuation of peak flows passing through a detention facility or other storage feature. Storm drains The
enclosed conduits that transport surface and stormwater runoff toward points of discharge (sometimes called storm sewers). Storm drain system Refers to the system of gutters, pipes,
streams, or ditches used to carry surface and stormwater from surrounding lands to streams, lakes, or Puget Sound. Storm frequency The time interval between major storms of predetermined
intensity and volumes of runoff for which storm sewers and other structures are designed and constructed to handle hydraulically without surcharging and backflooding, e.g., a 2-year,
10-year or 100-year storm. Storm sewer A sewer that carries stormwater and surface water, street wash and other wash waters or drainage, but excludes sewage and industrial wastes. Also
called a storm drain. Stormwater That portion of precipitation that does not naturally percolate into the ground or evaporate, but flows via overland flow, interflow, pipes and other
features of a stormwater drainage system into a defined surface waterbody, or a constructed infiltration facility.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 24 Term Definition Stormwater drainage system Constructed and natural features which function
together as a system to collect, convey, channel, hold, inhibit, retain, detain, infiltrate, divert, treat or filter stormwater. Stormwater facility A constructed component of a stormwater
drainage system, designed or constructed to perform a particular function, or multiple functions. Stormwater facilities include, but are not limited to, pipes, swales, ditches, culverts,
street gutters, detention ponds, retention ponds, constructed wetlands, infiltration devices, catch basins, oil/water separators, and biofiltration swales. Stormwater Management Manual
for Western Washington (Stormwater Manual) The manual prepared by Ecology which contains BMPs to prevent, control or treat pollution in stormwater and reduce other stormwater-related
impacts to waters of the State. The Stormwater Manual is intended to provide guidance on measures necessary in western Washington to control the quantity and quality of stormwater runoff
from new development and redevelopment. This manual is equivalent to the Ecology manual and must be used for projects located within the City of Auburn. Stormwater Program Either the
Basic Stormwater Program or the Comprehensive Stormwater Program (as appropriate to the context of the reference) called for under the Puget Sound Water Quality Management Plan Stormwater
Site Plan The comprehensive report containing all of the technical information and analysis necessary for regulatory agencies to evaluate a proposed new development or redevelopment
project for compliance with stormwater requirements. Contents of the Stormwater Site Plan will vary with the type and size of the project, and individual site characteristics. It includes
a Construction Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (Construction SWPPP) and a Permanent Stormwater Control Plan (PSC Plan). Guidance on preparing a Stormwater Site Plan is contained
in Volume 1, Chapter 4. Stream gauging The quantitative determination of stream flow using gages, current meters, weirs, or other measuring instruments at selected locations. See Gauging
station. Streambanks The usual boundaries, not the flood boundaries, of a stream channel. Right and left banks are named facing downstream. Streams Those areas where surface waters flow
sufficiently to produce a defined channel or bed. Lands and waters contained within a channel which supports hydrophytes and where the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soils,
nonsoil and/or is saturated with water or covered by water each growing season. The channel or bed need not contain water year-round. This definition is not meant to include irrigation
ditches, canals, stormwater runoff devices or other entirely artificial watercourses unless they are used to convey streams naturally occurring prior to construction. Those topographic
features that resemble streams but have no defined channels (i.e. swales) shall be considered streams when hydrologic and hydraulic analyses done pursuant to a development proposal predict
formation of a defined channel after development. Structure A catch basin or manhole in reference to a storm drainage system.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 25 Term Definition Structural source control BMPs Physical, structural, or mechanical devices
or facilities that are intended to prevent pollutants from entering stormwater. Structural source control BMPs typically include: • Enclosing and/or covering the pollutant source (building
or other enclosure, a roof over storage and working areas, temporary tarp, etc.). • Segregating the pollutant source to prevent run-on of stormwater, and to direct only contaminated
stormwater to appropriate treatment BMPs. Stub-out A short length of pipe provided for future connection to a storm drainage system. Subbasin A drainage area that drains to a water-course
or waterbody named and noted on common maps and which is contained within a basin. Subcatchment A subdivision of a drainage basin (generally determined by topography and pipe network
configuration). Subdrain A pervious backfilled trench containing stone or a pipe for intercepting groundwater or seepage. Subgrade A layer of stone or soil used as the underlying base
for a BMP. Subsoil The B horizons of soils with distinct profiles. In soils with weak profile development, the subsoil can be defined as the soil below the plowed soil (or its equivalent
of surface soil), in which roots normally grow. Although a common term, it cannot be defined accurately. It has been carried over from early days when "soil" was conceived only as the
plowed soil and that under it as the "subsoil." Substrate The natural soil base underlying a BMP. Surcharge The flow condition occurring in closed conduits when the hydraulic grade line
is above the crown of the sewer. Surface and stormwater Water originating from rainfall and other precipitation that is found in drainage facilities, rivers, streams, springs, seeps,
ponds, lakes, and wetlands as well as shallow groundwater. Surface and stormwater management system Drainage facilities and any other natural features that collect, store, control, treat
and/or convey surface and stormwater. Suspended solids Organic or inorganic particles that are suspended in and carried by the water. The term includes sand, mud, and clay particles
(and associated pollutants) as well as solids in stormwater. Swale A shallow drainage conveyance with relatively gentle side slopes, generally with flow depths less than one foot. Terrace
An embankment or combination of an embankment and channel across a slope to control erosion by diverting or storing surface runoff instead of permitting it to flow uninterrupted down
the slope.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 26 Term Definition Threshold Discharge Area An onsite area draining to a single natural discharge
location or multiple natural discharge locations that converge within one-quarter mile downstream (as determined by the shortest flowpath). The examples in Figure 1 illustrate this definition.
Figure 1. Threshold Discharge Area The purpose of this definition is to clarify how the thresholds of this manual are applied to project sites with multiple discharge points. Tightline
A continuous length of pipe that conveys water from one point to another (typically down a steep slope) with no inlets or collection points in between. Tile, Drain Pipe made of burned
clay, concrete, or similar material, in short lengths, usually laid with open joints to collect and carry excess water from the soil. Tile drainage Land drainage by means of a series
of tile lines laid at a specified depth and grade. Till A layer of poorly sorted soil deposited by glacial action that generally has very low infiltration rates. Time of concentration
The time period necessary for surface runoff to reach the outlet of a subbasin from the hydraulically most remote point in the tributary drainage area. Topography General term to include
characteristics of the ground surface such as plains, hills, mountains, degree of relief, steepness of slopes, and other physiographic features.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 27 Term Definition Topsoil Topsoil shall be per ASTM D5268 standard specification, and water
permeability shall be 0.6 inches per hour or greater. Organic matter shall have not more than 10 percent of nutrients in mineralized water-soluble forms. Topsoil shall not have phytotoxic
characteristics. Total dissolved solids The dissolved salt loading in surface and subsurface waters. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) A large family of chemical compounds that come
from crude oil. Two types important to stormwater include: • TPH-Gx: The qualitative and quantitative method (extended) for volatile (“gasoline”) petroleum products in water; and • TPH-Dx:
The qualitative and quantitative method (extended) for semivolatile (“diesel”) petroleum products in water. Total solids The solids in water, sewage, or other liquids, including the
dissolved, filterable, and nonfilterable solids. The residue left when the moisture is evaporated and the remainder is dried at a specified temperature, usually 130°C. Total suspended
solids That portion of the solids carried by stormwater that can be captured on a standard glass filter. Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) – Water Cleanup Plan A calculation of the maximum
amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards, and an allocation of that amount to the pollutant’s sources. A TMDL (also known as a Water
Cleanup Plan) is the sum of the allowable loads of a single pollutant from all contributing point and nonpoint sources. The calculation must include a margin of safety to ensure that
the waterbody can be used for the purposes the State has designated. The calculation must also account for seasonable variation in water quality. Water quality standards are set by states,
territories, and tribes. They identify the uses for each waterbody, for example, drinking water supply, contact recreation (swimming), and aquatic like support (fishing), and the scientific
criteria to support that use. The Clean Water Act, Section 303, establishes the water quality standards and TMDL programs. Toxic Poisonous, carcinogenic, or otherwise directly harmful
to life. Tract A legally created parcel of property designated for special nonresidential and noncommercial uses. Trash rack A structural device used to prevent debris from entering
a spillway or other hydraulic structure. Travel time The estimated time for surface water to flow between two points of interest. Treatment BMP A BMP that is intended to remove pollutants
from stormwater. A few examples of treatment BMPs are detention ponds, oil/water separators, biofiltration swales, and constructed wetlands. Treatment liner A layer of soil that is designed
to slow the rate of infiltration and provide sufficient pollutant removal so as to protect groundwater quality. Treatment train A combination of two or more treatment facilities connected
in series.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 28 Term Definition Trunk main Public stormwater drainage pipes equal to or greater than 36
inches and installed at a minimum slope of 0.5% Some 36-inch mains may be installed at less than the minimum slope. These shall not be considered trunk mains. Turbidity Dispersion or
scattering of light in a liquid, caused by suspended solids and other factors; commonly used as a measure of suspended solids in a liquid. Underdrain Plastic pipes with holes drilled
through the top, installed on the bottom of an infiltration BMP, which are used to collect and remove excess runoff. Undisturbed buffer A zone where development activity shall not occur,
including logging, and/or the construction of utility trenches, roads, and/or surface and stormwater facilities. Undisturbed low gradient uplands Forested land, sufficiently large and
flat to infiltrate surface and storm runoff without allowing the concentration of water on the surface of the ground. Unstable slopes Those sloping areas of land which have in the past
exhibited, are currently exhibiting, or will likely in the future exhibit, mass movement of earth. Unusual biological community types Assemblages of interacting organisms that are relatively
uncommon regionally. Urbanized area Areas designated and identified by the U.S. Bureau of Census according to the following criteria: an incorporated place and densely settled surrounding
area that together have a maximum population of 50,000. U.S. EPA The United States Environmental Protection Agency. Values Wetland processes or attributes that are valuable or beneficial
to society (also see Functions). Wetland values include support of commercial and sport fish and wildlife species, protection of life and property from flooding, recreation, education,
and aesthetic enhancement of human communities. Variance See Exception. Vegetated flowpath A route with established vegetation measured from the downspout or dispersion system discharge
point to the downstream property line, stream, wetland or other impervious surface. For flow credits, this path must contain undisturbed native landscape or lawn landscape meeting BMP
L613: Post Construction Soil Quality and Depth. Vegetation All organic plant life growing on the surface of the earth. Waterbody Surface waters including rivers, streams, lakes, marine
waters, estuaries, and wetlands. Water Cleanup Plan See Total Maximum Daily Load. Water quality A term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics off water,
usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose. Water quality design storm The 24-hour rainfall amount with a 6-month return frequency. Commonly referred to as the 6-month,
24-hour storm.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 Glossary 8 29 Term Definition Water quality standards Minimum requirements of purity of water for various
uses; for example, water for agricultural use in irrigation systems should not exceed specific levels of sodium bicarbonate, pH, total dissolved salts, etc. In Washington, the Department
of Ecology sets water quality standards. Watershed A geographic region within which water drains into a particular river, stream, or body of water. Watersheds can be as large as those
identified and numbered
by the State of Washington Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIAs) as defined in Chapter 173-500 WAC. Water table The upper surface or top of the saturated portion of the soil or bedrock
layer, indicates the uppermost extent of groundwater. Weir Device for measuring or regulating the flow of water. Weir notch The opening in a weir for the passage of water. Wetlands Those
areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation
typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. Wetlands do not include those artificial wetlands intentionally
created from nonwetland sites, including, but not limited to, irrigation and drainage ditches, grass-lined swales, canals, detention facilities, wastewater treatment facilities, farm
ponds, and landscape amenities, or those wetlands created after July 1, 1990, that were unintentionally created as a result of the construction of a road, street, or highway. Wetlands
may include those artificial wetlands intentionally created from nonwetland areas to mitigate the conversion of wetlands. (Waterbodies not included in the definition of wetlands as well
as those mentioned in the definition are still waters of the state.) Wetland edge Delineation of the wetland edge shall be based on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation
Manual, Technical Report Y-87-1, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss. (1987) Wetponds and wetvaults Drainage facilities for water quality treatment that
contain permanent pools of water that are filled during the initial runoff from a storm event. They are designed to optimize water quality by providing retention time in order to settle
out particles of fine sediment to which pollutants such as heavy metals absorb, and to allow biologic activity to occur that metabolizes nutrients and organic pollutants Zoning ordinance
An ordinance based on the police power of government to protect the public health, safety, and general welfare. It may regulate the type of use and intensity of development of land and
structures to the extent necessary for a public purpose. Requirements may vary among various geographically defined areas called zones. Regulations generally cover such items as height
and bulk of buildings, density of dwelling units, off-street parking, control of signs, and use of land for residential, commercial, industrial, or agricultural purposes. A zoning ordinance
is one of the major methods for implementation of a comprehensive plan.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 References 830 References General References Azous, A.L. and Horner R.R., “Wetlands and Urbanization,
Implications for the Future,” Final Report of the Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program, 1997. Booth, Derek B. and Jackson, C. Rhett, “Urbanization of Aquatic
Systems: Degradation Thresholds, Stormwater Detection, and the Limits of Mitigation,” Journal of the American Water Resources Association, October 1997 Herrera, 1993 Cost Analysis –
Washington Department of Ecology Minimum Requirements for Stormwater Management, Herrera Environmental Consultants/Ecology, 1993 Hydrosphere Data Products, Inc., CD-ROM Hydrodata, USGS
Daily and Peak Values Issaquah Creek Basin and Nonpoint Action Plan, King County Surface Water Management Division, Dec. 1996. Karr, J.R., “Biological Integrity: A Long-Neglected Aspect
of Water Resources Management,” Ecological Applications 1(1):66-84, 1991. Kleindl, W., A Benthic Index Index of Biotic Integrity for Puget Sound Lowland Streams, Masters Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 68 pp., 1995 Langbein, W.B., “Annual Floods and the Partial-Duration Flood Series,” Transactions American Geophysical Union, Vol. 30, pp. 879-881,
1949. Lucchetti, G. and Fuerstenberg, R., “Relative Fish Use in Urban and Non-Urban Streams,” Proceedings of the Conference on Wild Salmon, Vancouver, B.C., 1993. May Christopher, et
al, “Effects of Urbanization on Small Streams in the Puget Sound Lowland Ecoregion,” Watershed Protection Techniques, Vol. 2, No. 4, June 1997. Miller, J.F., Frederick, R.H. and Tracey,
R.S., NOAA ATLAS 2, Precipitation -Frequency Atlas of the Western United States, Volume IX -Washington, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service, Washington, D.C., 1973.
Perrich, Jerry R., The ESE National Precipitation Databook, Cahners Publishing Co., 1992. Puget Sound Water Quality Management Plan, Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 1987, 1989,
1991, 1994 Schaefer, M.G., “Regional Analyses of Precipitation Annual Maxima in Washington State,” Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 1 pp. 119-132, January 1990. Schaefer, M.G.,
Technical Note 3: Design Storm Construction, Dam Safety Guidelines, Washington State Department of Ecology, publication 92-55G, April 1993. Strecker, Eric W., et al, Analysis of Oregon
Urban Runoff Water Quality Monitoring Data Collected From 1990 to 1996, The Oregon Association of Clean Water Agencies, 1997.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 References 831 Tri-County Road Maintenance ESA Technical Working Group, under the Tri-County ESA Response
Effort (King, Pierce, Snohomish and other municipalities and entities in Washington State), Regional Road Maintenance Endangered Species Act – Program Guidelines, under final review
2002. References for Western Washington Hydrology Model Beyerlein, D.C. 1996. Effective Impervious Area: The Real Enemy. Presented at the Impervious Surface Reduction Research Symposium,
The Evergreen State College. Olympia, WA. Bicknell, B.R., J.C. Imhoff, J.L. Kittle Jr, A.S. Donigian Jr, and R.C. Johanson. 1997. Hydrological Simulation Program – Fortran User’s Manual
for Version 11. EPA/600/R-97/080. National Exposure Research Laboratory. Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC. Dinicola,
R.S. 1990. Characterization and Simulation of Rainfall-Runoff Relations for Headwater Basins in Western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington. Water-Resources Investigations Report
89-4052. U.S. Geological Survey. Tacoma, WA. King County. 1998. Surface Water Design Manual. Department of Natural Resources. Seattle, WA. United States Water Resources Council. 1981.
Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency. Bulletin #17B of the Hydrology Committee. Washington, DC. Resource Materials – Management of Street Wastes Austin, City of, Removal Efficiencies
of Stormwater Control Structures. Environmental and Conservation Services Department, 1990. City of Portland Vactor Waste Decant Data, Personal Communication with Katie Bretsch, April
2000. Campbell, Robert, Street Waste Characterization Testing Program, VTP-1, Snohomish County Public Works Maintenance & Operations Division, March 1994. Collins, Jay, Oregon Department
of Transportation, Street Waste Issues and Options FHWA-ORRD-99-05, July 1998. Ecology, Interim TPH Policy, Publication N. ECY 97-600, 1997. Ecology, Analytical Methods for Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, Publication No. ECY 97-602, June 1997. Ecology, Dangerous Waste Regulations, Chapter 173-303 WAC. Ecology, Discussion Draft -Recommendations for Management of Street Waste,
June 1999. Ecology, Guidance for Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soils, pub 91-30, 1994. Ecology, Model Toxics Control Act (MTCA) Cleanup Regulations, Chapter 173-340 WAC. Ecology,
Solid Waste Handling Standards, Chapter 173-350 WAC. Ecology, Water Quality Standards For Surface Waters of the State of Washington, Chapter 173-201A. Hazardous Waste Management Act
of 1976, Chapter 70.105 RCW. Herrera Environmental Consultants, Inc., King County Maintenance Waste Disposal Characterization Study, prepared for King County Surface Water Management
Division, January Draft, 1995.
S U R F A C E W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L N O V E M B E R 2 0 0 9 References 832 Herrera Environmental Consultants, Inc., Street Truck Operations and Disposal Practices,
1991. Holz, Thomas, Street Waste Disposal, Thurston County, Washington: Final Engineering Report and One Year Certification, Grant No. Tzx 91-129, May, 1994. Jacobson, Michael, Data
Summary of Catch Basin and Vactor Waste Contamination in Washington State, Final Report, Center for Urban Water Resources, University of Washington, 1993. King County, Vactor Waste Disposal
Plan, King County Surface Water Management Division, Water Quality Unit, 1994. King County’s Renton Facility Decant Data, Personal Correspondence with Jerry Creek, and Susan Turner,
June 1999. Landau Associates, Inc. Snohomish County Street Waste Characterization, Final Report, December 1995. Pitt, R. and P. Bissonnette, Bellevue Urban Runoff Program; Summary Report,
Prepared for City of Bellevue Storm and Surface Water Utility,1984. Pitt, R., 1985, Characterizing and Controlling Urban Runoff through Street and Sewer Cleaning, EPA/600/2-85/038. Pond,
Rodney, South Base Pond Report -The Response of Wetland Plants to Stormwater Runoff From a Transit Base, Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle Publication 775, 1993. Schueler, Thomas
R., Pollutant Dynamics of Pond Muck, Wat. Prot. Techniques, 1 (2). Summer 1994. Serdar, Dave, Ecology, Contaminants in Vactor Truck Wastes, April 1993. Thurston County Environmental
Health Division, (Environmental Health Division-Unpublished data), 1993 Thurston County Environmental Health Division, Report on Street Facility Monitoring Grant Tax No. 91-129, April
1993. TYMCO, Inc., Best Management Practices -Street Sweeping, Waco, Texas, 1993. US Environmental Protection Agency, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, (SW-846), 3rd Edition,
1986. W&H Pacific, Inc., Street and Street Sweeping Waste Characteristics Snohomish County, Washington, February 1994. Resource Materials – Association of General Contractors of Washington,
Field Manual for Sediment/Erosion Control Best Management Practices. 2002. Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Maryland. 2005. King County. Surface Water Design Manual. 2005.
Pierce County. Stormwater Pollution Prevention Manual. 2005. Washington State Department of Ecology, Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington, 2005.