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Home My WebLink AboutITEM V-BProfessional Services Agreement with Auburn Valley Humane Society (AVHS) For your information, attached is the proposed agreement with AVHS. I have provided an overview of the agreement with attached Exhibits that will assist you in your analysis of the services offered in the agreement. The Exhibits are as follows: Exhibit 1 - Estimated Cost Comparison Chart of King County Services verses services from AVHS. Start up costs are included as well as the tenant improvement allowance to our facility. Exhibit 2 - Operating Budget submitted by AVHS. Exhibit 3 - AVHS Marketing Plan Outline Exhibit 4 - Shelter Veterinary Services Exhibit 5 - Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters by the Association of Shelter Veterinarians Exhibit 6 - Letter from Executive Director of Tacoma and Pierce County Humane Society stating the Contract and budget proposal by AVHS is realistic and comparable to other city contracts. This will be on the Muni-Services Agenda for review and discussion Monday, August 22nd and is presently on the COW Agenda August 29th. If I can answer any questions, please let me know. Any changes to the agreement based on review and comment at Muni-Services will be incorporated into the agreement in the COW Agenda packet. Thank you. Brenda Heineman PROFESSIONAL SERVICES AGREEMENT WITH AUBURN VALLEY HUMANE SOCIETY AND THE CITY OF AUBURN Term of Agreement: Seven years with the right to extend for another seven years beginning in 2012 if not in default of agreement. Parties have the right to negotiate modifications to the agreement, including Article III, AVHS Fees. AVHS must give at least one year notice of intention to extend the agreement (Article II, Page 1). AVHS Fees/Licensing: A minimum of $240,000.00 per year will be paid to AVHS in quarterly payments, with an increase based on CPI-W (August to August), with a minimum increase of 0% and a maximum increase of 3% per year for the following year. Licensing is the responsibility of the City. AVHS will receive 100% of licensing fees collected by the City (Article III, Page 2). Shelter Staffing and Operational Hours: Shelter's intent is to have operating hours open to the public 24 hours per week upon opening. Hours will be added as staffing and budget permits. The City's Animal Control Officer will have access 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, for dropping off animals or carcasses (Article IV, Page 3). Shelter Capacity: Operating capacity is 50 animals per day. If more than 50 animals per day, AVHS will make all efforts to reduce the population through adoption, foster care, other humane societies, or other appropriate means (Article IV, Page 3). Capital Improvements: The City provides up to $417,000.00 (this figure may change prior to the meeting-- if it does, I will have a revised Estimated Cost chart - See Exhibit 1) toward the completion of tenant improvements. Please note the amount for the tenant improvements is blank in the agreement. Tenant improvements shall remain at the Shelter and cannot be removed upon termination or cancellation of the agreement (Article VIII, Page 6). AVHS Start Up Costs: If AVHS does not raise $176,000.00 in start up costs, the City will advance an amount up to the $176,000.00. Beginning in year three of the contract, the City will deduct monies advanced to AVHS for start up costs against future fees paid to AVHS (Article VIII, B. 1., Page 6). Business/Marketing Plan: A formal business plan (See Exhibit 2- Operating Budget) to include a description of on-going activities in support of AVHS activities, i.e., marketing, promotion, fund raising plan, volunteer structure, animal adoption plan, animal rescue plan, etc., shall be submitted to the City for formal review and comment (Article IV, 16, Page 4). (See AVHS Marketing Plan Outline - Exhibit 3) Termination of Agreement: May terminate at any time by mutual agreement and failure to perform any of the covenants of the agreement if the default or deficiency is not remedied by AVHS within thirty (30) days after receiving notice. City may extend the 30-day compliance if warranted. May terminate if AVHS has been convicted or found to be engaged in illegal activity (Article XI, Page 9). Other: The City of Auburn will be responsible for paying for emergency services (Article IV, F., Page 5) (anything beyond stabilization and pain relief of the animal - see attached information on Shelter Veterinary Services - Exhibit 4). Estimates from King County are approximately $7,000 to $10,000 per year. This could be less depending on our contract for emergency services. We budgeted $15,000 in our estimates to include animal cruelty cases (we could be in possession of a large number of animals that would have to be cared for until adjudication of the case by our Court) and investigation of these cases which would be performed by our Police Department in conjunction with our Animal Control Officer. Tacoma and Pierce County Humane Society and Seattle Humane Society do not offer emergency services or do animal cruelty investigations and adjudication of these cases. We will hire our own Animal Control Officer, supplies and equipment to include a marketing person (one-third FTE) to interface with AVHS on promotional programs and canvassers, as necessary, to sell licenses. AVHS will actively promote the sale of licenses and will work with our software vendor for the sale and collection of licensing fees. AVHS is adopting the Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters by the Association of Shelter Veterinarians (See Exhibit 5). Operating Procedures along these guidelines are being written to fit the AVHS operations. AVHS is also using the Guide to Starting and Improving a Humane Organization by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). A copy of this Guide is available for your review, upon request. As you can see from the attached chart showing estimated costs (See Exhibit 1 - this chart has been updated from the initial chart presented to Muni Services and Finance Committees and compares AVHS with King County), even though we are doing many of the functions that King County does under the present contract, it is more economical for the City to partner with AVHS for services that will be greatly enhanced pursuant to their operations plan and the City's ability to directly manage the animal control function. The ability to market and promote the sale of licenses has already shown a rise in these revenues with the City's participation and it can only increase with AVHS's participation. Also, what the chart does not show is the anticipated upgrade the present King County facility or building a new facility with a contribution by the member cities using their services. A figure of 5 to 6 million dollars has been mentioned in our monthly meetings but nothing confirmed as to a final amount or how that would be shared. Tacoma and Pierce County Humane Society has reviewed AVHS's projected budget and contract proposal and feels it is realistic, and is comparable to other city contracts. Tacoma and Pierce County Humane Society has also offered to assist AVHS in an advisory capacity as needed (See Exhibit 6 from the Executive Director). N O / to 00 V CD O 'Md' M C) Cl> C d o f Y m co O It v r V N r 'M M ti C3) M ° o 7 LL co of co m a) a) (D CN '~h C4 Sri T kc) r CD, m v) u) c co ~t tU E [D N ja (V 61) 61> 40 N o V) d dl CL '0 LO N O 7 00 N O C3 N in CY) C) CZ) C) 0) a) r O N m N M (O 00 CO , M O p M O O 00 cq 00 {V OD IT DO M V C51 E CO - r N (M r-- L ~ h co , f c) U t" (V ~ C) Lo M CD N Ol (D ) ® N 0 L) D 6 4 64 to O V> L 6 9 ff? 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Client Service Representative (FTE) $15.00/hr. $31,200.00 c. Staff Veterinarian ($50/hr estimated Cal 10 hr/wk.)' $26,000.00 & Animal Care Manager (LVT)(FTE) $17.00/hr $35,360.00 e. Animal Care Assistant/Reception (PTE1) $11.50/hr $11,960.00 f. Animal Care Assistant/Reception (PTE22)$11.50/hr $11,960.00 Total Wages $176,480.00 g. Taxes (10%) $17,648.00 h. Medical (80% of $475 = $380(3) $13,680.00 i. Overtime (5% Total Wages of FTEs - $126,560) $6,328.00 Payroll Total $214,136.00 2. Utilities $1,450/mo. $17,400.00 a. Water (est $500/mo. W&S) b. Sewer (est $500/mo. W&S) c, Electric ($750/month) d. Phone/Fax ($50/month) e. Internet ($50/month) f Cellular (2 phones @$50ea/month) 3. Adver tising3 $1,000/mo. $12,000.00 a. Website (design and maintenance already donated) $0.00 4. Supplies a. Office/Clerical $1,000/mo. $12,000.00 b. Cleaning/Disinfectants/Laundry $1,000/mo. $12,000.00 c. Medical i. Prescription, veterinary, etc. $1,000.00 ii. Dogs (RV, DA2PPL, Bard) Qty=273 x $4.50 $1,22850 iii. Cats (Fetv/FIV, FVRCP, FRLV, RV) Qty=641 x $13.65 $9,472.82 iv. Flea Control (assuming split doses and averaging) 1. Frontline (273 x $4 dogs) (641 x $1 cats) $1,733.00 2. Capstar (137 x $3 dogs) (321 x $2.83 cats) $1,319.43 v. Microchips($ 10/ea.)(Qty. 341) $3,410.00 vi. Euthanasia (avg. $3/ea.)(Qty. 155) $465.00 vii. Disposal (127 x $4.00 cats)(91 x $8.00) $1,236.00 viii. Pet Food (most often donated) $800.00 d. Staff/Volunteers (T-shirts, scrubs, uniforms) $1,500.00 $22,164.75 5. Maintenance ($400/mo.) $4,800.00 6. Building Lease $1.00 Liability Errors & Omissions Insurance, Minimal Building $7,000.00 TOTAL $301,501.75 Revenue 1. Licensing Fees4 ($240,000.00) 2. Adoptionss (Dogs 105x$120=$12,600/Cats 236x$98=$23,128) ($35,728.00) 3. Gift Shop- ($3,519.00) 4. Grants/Donations/Fundraising ($22.254.75) Total Revenue ($301,501.75) 'Utilized for stable shelter population medical management & low volume surgical procedures. Most routine surgical procedures will be outsourced. Auburn veterinarians will cover the after-hours on call duty Re-assessed on a 6-month basis. 2To be hired once operational and if deemed necessary. 3City retained marketing personnel may alleviate this expense via dual purpose marketing for both shelter and direct benefits of licensing and notifying public of improved animal control services for their community. 4Based from 2010 statistics. Expected to increase with community awareness and local veterinary participation/collection. SEstimated adoption rates based from Tacoma Pierce County Humane Society. Adoption rate from KCAC Auburn statistics = 34%, Following estimations from Tacoma Pierce County Humane Society adoption rates in excess of 67% should be attainable. This would effectively double adoption revenue. 6AVHS is 7.8% the size of Tacoma Pierce County Humane Society based on annual animal intake values. Their gift shop nets $45,000 each year. 7.8% x $45,000=$3,519.00) Auburn Valley Humane Society Marketing Plan Outline Plan Goals and Objectives Goals: • To secure and maintain a local animal shelter to care for Auburn's lost, stray and abandoned pet population • To create a community education center where pets and people can come together • To create sustainable employment and offer countless volunteer opportunities for community members and those considering a career working with animals Objectives: • Build awareness about the Auburn Valley Humane Societies' work and positive affect in the community • Increase number of licensed pets in the City of Auburn • Supply premium quality care to lost, stray, abandoned and injured pet population in the Auburn area • Motivate area residents and business owners to volunteer, make donations, and participate in annual events Target Audienge • Major regional employers and their employees (companies and organizations with 200 or more employees) • Local small to medium business owners • Local veterinary clinics, pet product and service providers • Current and potential individual donors - Auburn area residents • Animal advocates - individuals and organizations Marketing Tactics 1. Branding and Identity • Logo - Develop organizational brand and graphic identity by working with qualified graphic designer, who will develop a graphic representation that provides a consistent branded look. Have found 2 possible designers. Waiting on final approval from AVHS Board. • Deliverables from the designer will include a logo and tagline, color palette and typography • Graphics and messaging standards and usage guide (style guide) to be supplied by the Marketing Consultant Website - Redesign and enhance current website working with a qualified web designer. Web designer has been selected and will present to AVHS Board for final approval. • Site to support AVHS goals and objectives • Incorporate our new brand identity • Show available shelter animals up for adoption • Support the acceptance of online donations • Support online fundraising event registration • Support volunteer sign up and community member inquires • Support online fundraising contests (Top Pet Photography Contest) • Ability to provide links to resources and other animal care information • Ability to register for classes at the shelter • Can update and make changes to the site simply • Ability to display lost and found animals • Ensure optimum search engine performance • Communication • Online Quarterly Newsletter • Online and direct mail donation drives twice a year • Social and Mobile Media - Facebook, Twitter (ongoing), develop an adoption and donation app for Droid and !Phone platforms • Shelter Brochures • Press Releases - as needed • Print Media -Auburn Valley Reporter • Online Banner Ads - Ability to target locally using Goole Ad Words, etc. Fundraising and Donations Annual Fundraising Events - Each year, AVHS will organize and host two local fundraising events. Currently the two first annual AVHS events are in the planning stages: * The Fur Ball and Live Auction - currently planned for February 4th, 2012 at Emerald Downs. This is a formal dinner and live auction event. * Walk and Run event -planning for April/May 2012. Official name TBD. Fundraising and Event Support Materials • Fur Ball and Live Auction - As an annual event these materials will have a separate branded look and feel from the standard shelter logo. Have design contest in local schools. • Materials to include: • Invitation/brochure with ticket purchase form (online and mailed) • Event Tickets • Event Program and Menu • Donor Badges to indicate level of donor-ship or sponsorship - Platinum, Gold, Corporate Sponsor, Presenting Sponsor • Posters and Flyers • Print Ads • Logo'd Ad Specialties and Goodie Bags • Walk and Run event - As an annual event these materials will have a separate branded look and feel from the standard shelter logo. Have design and event naming contest in local schools. (name TBD) • Invitation/brochure with registration purchase form (online and mailed) • Race bibs and T-shirt • Event Program • Vendor stands for food and beverages ( charge nominal fee for vendors to have space at the event) • Posters and Flyers • Print Ads • Logo'd Ad Specialties, Prizes for placing and Goodie Bags 2 Grants - AVHS will collect donations from individuals, corporations, organizations and community members to fund the day to day operations of the shelter, including animal care costs. Grants to be allocated each year, via a formal application and evaluation process, in partnership with the contributing party and AVHS staff. In Kind Donations - AVHS collects donations from individuals and businesses via the AVHS website Twice a year there is an email fundraising drive. AVHS to attend smaller local fundraising events throughout the year. Current examples of organized community events that have been or will be attended: • Petpalooza - AVHS Board Members and Volunteers staffed a booth. Collected $808.03 in donations • Auburn Valley Farmers Market - Collected $462 in donations and raffle ticket purchases. A kindle, a quilt and a dinner for 2 were donated to AVHS to use as raffle prizes • Auburn Good Old Days - August 13th and 14th, 2011. AVHS Board Members and volunteers staffing a booth for 2 days 9am-6pm, prizes and a raffle to draw in donations. Results - TBD fit- Website - temporary website operational May 2011 * Other donations to date - desk, chairs, printer and some dog and cat kennels Ill. Pet Licensing • See Auburn Riverside High School DECA Team Plan for Pet Licensing Program IV. Pet Adoption Fees and Locations Adopting a Dog - Standard Dog Adoption $120, Puppy $170 ($50 refund upon completion of Puppy School). Fees can vary based on size, breed, age and other factors. Senior adoption program for older animals to ensure they find a forever loving home - fees TBD. Cost of adoption fees to cover: Vet wellness exam, spay or neuter, licensing fee for 1 year, microchip with national registration, initial vaccines, pet care counseling, collar and leash, training dvd, food sample and a toy. • Adopting a Cat or Kitten - Standard fee $98 or $161 for 2 litter mates. Fees can vary based on size, breed, age and other factors. Senior adoption program for older animals to ensure they find a forever loving home - fees TBD Cost of adoption fees to cover: Vet wellness exam, spay or neuter, licensing fee for 1 year, microchip with national registration, initial vaccines, pet care counseling, cat carrier, training dvd, food sample and a toy. • Adopting Others - Standard fee $65. Fees will vary based on animal type, size, age, specialized equipment and veterinary care needed and other factors. • Adoption locations - AVHS, Petsmart, Community Events and other locations to be determined. V. Tactic Evaluation - measure results • What is working best? (so AVHS can do more of it)! • What targets are engaged and which segments do we need to engage differently. • What content is most compelling to the AVHS base? • What messaging generates action, and what fails to stir the pot? o Examples, • Website usage analytics: "What are the most visited pages on the AVHS site and what keywords are users searching on to get to the AVHS site?" • Response rate to direct mail, direct e-mail. • Open and click through rates to e-mail fundraising and other e-blasts. • Online survey findings, focus groups and other audience research. • Change in volume of incoming inquiries from each source (website, volunteer referral, events, etc.) 4 Shelter Veterinary Services 1. Admission During Business Hours A. Non injured apparently healthy animals. i. AVHS Responsibilities. a) Examination and evaluation by the staff veterinarian. b) Written individual medical records. c) Vaccinations as indicated by current standards of veterinary medical care. d) Indicated laboratory tests. e) Treatment of minor injuries and medical conditions, f) Internal and external parasite treatment. g) Grooming as indicated. b) Spay or neuter as indicated. B. Injured or sick animals i. Critical or severely injured animals (estimated to be 6-10 animals per year by available statistics) a) Triage by ACO and/or staff veterinarian if available. • If a staff veterinarian is not available or if the indicated treatment is beyond the the level of care available at the shelter, the ACO will transport the patient to a private veterinary clinic for treatment at the City ofAuburn's expense. The City reserves the right to negotiate fees in advance with local veterinary hospitals and can set limits on any treatments. The goal of emergency treatment will be to stabilize the patient and provide effective pain management. The City is not required to provide advanced medical or surgical care. • When the patient is stable it can be transferred to the shelter for ongoing treatment at the expense ofAVHS. If the owners are located, AVHS will attempt to recover veterinary expenses from the owners. ii. Animals with minor or non-life threatening injuries or medical conditions. a) Triage by Staff Veterinarian or LVT. • Will be admitted to the shelter and treated by the shelter veterinary staff at AVHS's expense. II. Admissions After Business Hours A. Non injured and apparently healthy animals. i. Admitted by ACO and entered into shelter computer system. a) The next morning, protocol I.A.i.a-h (outlined above) will be followed. B. Injured or sick animals i. Critical or severely injured animals (estimated to be 6-10 animals per year by available statistics) a) Triage by ACO • The ACO will transport the patient to a private veterinary clinic for treatment at the City ofAuburn's expense. The City reserves the right to negotiate fees with local veterinary hospitals in advance and can set limits on any treatments. The goal of emergency treatment will be to stabilize the patient and provide effective pain management. The City is not required to provide advanced medical or surgical care. • When the patient is stable it can be transferred to the shelter for ongoing treatment at the expense ofAVHS. If the owners are located, AVHS will attempt to recover veterinary expenses from the owners. >v;A of Shelter Veterinarians Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters The Association ofShelter Veterinarians ® 2010 Authors: Sandra Newbury, Mary K. Blinn, Philip A. Bushby, Cynthia Barker Cox, Julie D. Dinnage, Brenda Griffin, Kate F. Hurley, Natalie Esaza, Wes Jones, Lila Miller, Jeanette Q`Quin, Gary J. Patronek, Martha Smith-Blackmore, Miranda Spindel Guidelityes for Standnds of C'aie in Animal VVllen >nA of Shelter Veterinarians Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters T e Assorl'alion o f Sheller 1Inieri na.;,I'MI s® 20] 0 Authors Sandra Newbury, DVM, Chair, Editor Korel Shelter Medicine Progrom, Center for Companion Anirncrl Health, University of California Davis, Davis, Colifomio. Adjunct Assistont Professor of 5he11er Animal Medicine, Deportment of Pothobiologicol Sciences, University of Wisconsin-School of Velerinary Medicine, Modison, Wisconsin. Mary K. Blinn, DVM Sheller Veterinarian, C11ar1011e/Mecklenburg Aniniol Care and Control, Ckarlotle, North Corolino. Philip A. Bushby, DVM, MS, DACVS Morcio lone Endowed Professor of Humane Ethics onci Aniniol Welfare, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi Stole Universily, Mississippi Stole, Mississippi. Cynthia Barker Cox, DVM Head Shelter Veterinarion, Mossachusells Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animols, Boston, Massochusous. Julie D. Dinnaqe, AVM Executive Director, Association of Sheller Veterinoriaos, Scolfsdole, Aozooo. Brenda Griffin, DVM, MS, DACVIM Adjunct Associate Professor of Slielter Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universily of Florido, Gainesville, Florida. Kate F. Hurley, DVM, MPVM Koret Shelter Medicine Progrcun, Center for Cornponion Animol Hea11h, University of California Davis, Davis, Colifomio. Natalie Isaza, DVM ChoicM Assisfonl Professor, Meriol Sheller Medicine Clerkship, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universily of Florido, Gainesville, Florido. Wes Jones, DVM 5lhelter Veterinorian, Napa Humane, Napa, California. Lila Miller, DVM, Editor Vice-Presidenl, Veterinary Advisor, ASPCA, New York. Adjunct Assisfonl Professor; Cornell Universily College of 1/eterinary Medicine, ilhoca, Now York. University of Fennsylvonio School of Veterinary Medicine, Phiitrdelplria, Pennsylvonia. Jeanette O'Ouin, DVM Public Heaith Veterinarian, Ohio Deporhnenl of Henlfh, ZQOnafi( Disease Pogrom, Columf6us, OfiO Gary J. Patronek, VMD, PhD, Editor Vice President for Animol Welfare and New Program Developmenl, Animol Rescue League of Boston, Boston, Mossachuselfs. Clinical Assistant Professor, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine of Tufts, North Grofton, Massodwsefts. Martha Smith-Blockmore, DVM, Editor Direcfar of Veterinary Medical Services, Animal Rescue lengue of 130slon, Bosloo, MossochuseHs. Fellow, Tufts Center for Animnis and Public Policy. Clinical Assislant Professor, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts, North Grafton, MossachusHus. Miranda Spindel, DVM, MS Director of Veterinory Oulreoch, ASPCA, Fort Collins, Colorado. Ciraic~elrne~ for ,5~rr~scGrrrlr erf Gxre iii Anim(d Shelters Table of contents Authors 3 Introduction a Background 8 (>o11~o qP5 to FI1 oiiC1 Ws_'~f%7?r) 2. Elie NleeJ (off ~',CJ n47OI115 3. Tnc. FkIe rieecJani;. cone Conlhiyntnn ,d,nEirh0.5 10 How to Use This Document 11 Management and Record Keeping 12 1 . E rn, l:,hr:r of Follcaes cir ci E'rotccols 12 IW Ii.111 C1 (2filP,{lI ~~f Uf.Ii)fk-'. 12 3. Tr{iirinq 12 z1. Alarrl,-ll dF-m$ccition Clnd Reccir1 f:=:vF~lll? 12 Facility Design and Environment 13 1 . F'rimory Enc osijre 13 2. Surfoaa imdl D]€ j rio(_je 15 3 H .crlwn ] ~f .niilalioo~, and A€i Qndiiy 15 1. LiTl,t 16 i. Sound oriErol 1 6. !hol; E',oxes 17 Population Management 18 C_ CIPCicily for Cofr 18 2 F'rOPOCC>~ for Moinicii;ii g Adegtjoie C opc ;lly for C (_)re 19 3 MonEloring Slatisli(_ai 1)(On 19 Sanitation 20 1. ~:le ninc# cnci Diainferdon 20 r;) sunifuliorr Proce[ju(e5 20 1)f Fomile C=onhol 22 2_ Olhei Clearing 23 3. Rndei li Pesi ConQ,of 23 Medical Health and Physical Well-being 24 UBt~I IrlClry Ro~611~~n S~llh OIl C3 RF,'C orL:~Fp;~F)I I~C~ 24 conSic+3rc:rtions oil lntokr, 4 ( blrofcontrwtr 3. V(n.cincolions 25 A FITICrCjeff\r' Medk_,ol C OC e 26 5. Fum Muncigemenl 26 6. Pcllasile Cnrll[ol MoiOoiIf1C1 e3n(.l Doihy ROi1nd5 27 F3. i lutrilie n 28 PryjjIO ir)ii VVr~II-[7GIRo 2() 10. RH,,p, n1,e to NeclsA cr Illness 29 ,1) 15c~lnlion 29 bJ L iclgrl >si; 30 Cl Chfrb1cok Re4)1005e 30 1 .Medical Iienlfnenl c-)I Shellcf Arirna k 30 Behavioral Health and Mental Well-being 32 1 Cnnsderoiions on Intckrc 32 o) 13,7hmwrornl Hlsloiy 32 hj v4rnimizirxq S[rss :32 2. BelIicj vioi Fvalurrl;,) i 32 3. In-sheltcl Cale 34 7f ~rllfll~l7l17 rlr 34 FIIr~c }SlJteS 3~I Se ~carolion 34 i J (>rrili' Pcwioe 34 L J ~l~f If'hfllr?17t C7f1(~QClflll;'R~10 ri 34 Intercctiuns Willi People, 3~'1 Behovioirll Cansiclernlior-r, (or Lon tr,Iir3 shelter Slays 35 O) Iici Ivpes of Fmi(Jimeo 36 r1) 6'< tc~vro"rr 11 It~c-li~rc:crti~~r~ 36 Group Housing 37 ' . Risks nricE Bf3ni, is <;f i,roflp Hoi sil cl 37 2. Focili~ic; 37 3. Seler_~lion 37 4. When Ginup HuI95i J is Inclppiopm le 38 5 Animal Handling 39 1 _ P.r>skfair~t 39 2. `,y:rtion aw J I'hii Yi(l 39 3 . Equipment ail A. Fr:rrl1 Cols 39 Euthanasia 40 1 . Fillhnncisla TCchnr r. jo 40 o) c1ofLnn 177onc)Y,irie. 40 k3} Veaif cc tk_r :'f D x"I„ 41 Eiivwini nenl end F~uipnlcilt 41 3. Record Keeping onrl Co~lirralled Snl:lsfnnc€es /I2 /I. _SIIor f Trnillillr3 112 Spaying and neutering 43 1 . Velofincry Mo4col Guidelines 43 2. .Su,C~e[y on d AI,e`,thesio 43 Iclcnli# i (j Nlortclec? Anima 4-41 Animal Transport 45 1 . eS~JI1S[~IIIFkeS of Pcuticipciiiiig h6vlrlug1k cmd' Orgriniznfi(~ns 45 C7f General 45 1lf Yespor'ISiUirifie~ cat Fcw)f of Origin 45 i-) ~~,5[7017511?Ili7i HS Ooi7 ci honO oO t 1-16, Pfimaiy Fuc_losufe Clip L-)C.GuPC:I-ICy 46 `~?Il€{'IE'S ~6 TEcwn,portei Pesponsil~ of e~ 47 J) RasJ~onsrhifitie~s ni [?eslinrrtion 47 Public Health 48 1 7or~ilosf:, 48 2. Aiimm❑I-Pelulec! lrn[L3rie, 49 :j. Lmerclin~l L3iseases on~~ Anti-mlcln viol Resistclrla, r _i0 Conclusions 51 References 52 Glossary of Terms 6 63 1nt)-oelm-tioT7 Introduction The Association of Sheller Veterinarians {ASV} is an international organization whose mission is to improve the health and well-being of animals in shelters through the advancement of shelter medicine. This document is the result of work that the ASV began in 2008 to address the lack of guidelines or standards of care for animals in shelters. The first step in the process was to convene a taskforce to define the scope of Ibis project. An exhaustive review of the scientific literature was undertaken to uncover as much data as possible pertaining to housing, care, health, and well-being of dogs and cats in population settings. Members of the taskforce then undertook wrifing this document over a period of 2 years. In some cases, answers were not ovoilable in the literature; in those instances, recommendations have been based on the collective expert opinion of the authors. Every attempt was made to balance animal welfare science with practical and realistic recommendations specific for shelters. The guiding principle was always animals' needs, which remain the some regardless of the mission of an organization of the challenges involved in meeting those needs. As with any specialty, shelter medicine continues to evolve; studies and clinical experience continue to provide new information that animal caregivers must consider in order to provide truly humane care. Principles of animal care that were believed to be appropriate just a few years ago may no longer be considered to be effective or humane. Shelters should bear this in mind and be willing to adapt as they review their programs. The Guidelines for Standards of Core in Animal Shelters is intended to be a living document that will be periodically reviewed and revised. This document does not attempt to provide specific operational instructions, as these must be tailared to each individual setting. References are provided that can be used to obtain more detailed information. It is the authors' greatest hope that this document will serve shelter animals and those who care for them by providing scientific and humane guidelines for their care. z Guideliires for Standards of Cam iii Aith eel Sl)eltei:s Background Historically, the provision of care for stray, unwanted, and owner-relinquished onimafs in the United States dates back to the founding of the first large-scale animal shellers in New York, Basler, and Philadelphia in the late 1800's. Most shelters were originally intended for handling large numbers of dogs for brief periods of lime as part of animal control programs. That mission drove shelter design and operation for nearly 100 years. Animal sheltering has evolved considerably since those early days. Sheltering organizatians con now be found for almost any companion or domestic animal species (e.g., rabbits, birds, rodents, horses, livestock), and for many exotic species as well. The entities delivering services vary from large, well established agencies with significant resources, to grass-roots groups, loosely-nelworked individuals, or individuals acting alone. The spectrum of programs is equally diverse, including: traditional open-admission shelters; care-lor-life sanctuaries and hospices; home-based rescue and foster-care networks; virtual internet-based animal transport programs; behavioral rehabilitation centers; limited or planned admission shelters; no-kill or adoption guarantee shellers; high volume adoption agencies; and many permutations of these various approaches. In this document the term "shelter" is meant to apply to all of the entitles mentioned above. In contrast to many other settings such as zoos or aboralories {AZA 2009, 2010; IIIAR 19961, the core of animals in shellers remains unstandardized and unregulated at the national level. Although as of 2010, at least 18 states require animal shellers to be registered or licensed (CO, GA, If, IA, KS, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, NE, NH, NJ, NC, PA, RI, VT, WI), and six require establishment of an advisory board (CO, KS, LA, ME, MO, TX) {RSPCA 2006a, 2006b; MDAR 2009}; these regulations are inconsistent and often inadequately monitored at the state or local levels. 8 1. Challenges to Ensuring Welfare The heterogeneous, fragmented nature of shelter systems, coupled with the lack of a consistent regulatory structure, has made it difficult to ensure adequate core for shelter animals. This difficulty is compounded by a multitude of challenges. There is a growing body of literature documenting a long list of stressors for animals entering shelters, such as: leaving a familiar environment, confinement; adapting to new sounds, smells, and unfamiliar onimafs; and being handled by unfamiliar people. As occurs in zoo, farm, and laboratory seltings, shelter onimafs can be challenged by boredom, frustration, isolation, social deprivotion and other stresses arising out of confinement (Griffin 2006; Stephen 2005'. Length of stay has been clearly identified as a risk factor for animal illness in shelters (pinnage, 2009; Edinboro 2004). Many facilities, which were historically designed for short-term handling of animals (e.g., for stray holding period), are poorly suited to meet the physical and behavioral needs of animals (Beerdo 1997, 1999a, 1999b, 2000; Griffin 2006; Hennessy 1997; Holt 2010; dubrecht 1992; Kessler 1997, 1999b, McCobb 2005; Ottway 2003; Tuber 1996). Various factors have contributed to increased length of stay. At many shelters there is a greater potential for animals to be confined to inadequate institutional or quasi-institutional settings from months in many cases, to the remainder of their lives in others, compounding concerns about their welfare. The same issues recognized for many years by the zoological community (Maple 20031 are now confronting shelters. Over the past 15 years, there has been an explosive growth of grass-roots sheltering efforts. This expansion of the number of persons working on behalf of homeless companion animals has undoubtedly saved many animal lives, and overoll is a very positive development. Concern arises, however, when animal care is provided by Rackgrnund individuals with good intentions but with little to no appropriate training in population husbandry, animal behavior, animal health, and/or veterinary medicine. Lack of awareness of information about sheltering or lack of connections to the larger shelter community may be additional barriers to ensuring adequate care. There have been a growing number of incidents where shelter conditions have caused severe animal suffering and unnecessary death IALDF website; Dudding 2009; HSUS 2007; Mckinnon 2009; Peat 2009; WBZN 2009). A growing number of Megations of cruelty have been filed against shelters or sanctuaries for failure to provide adequate and humane care (LA Times 2010). Lack of acceptable standards of care and failure to recognize or respond to animal suffering has contributed to these cases. Many of these issues are not unique to the sheltering community. Over a quarter century ago, scandals revolving around substandard animal core, neglect and mismanagement rocked the laboratory animal world (Blum 1994) and the zoo community (Maple 2003). For laboratories, this led to significant federal regulation of animal care; for zoos, this triggered considerable internal dialogue and enhanced self- regulation (Wielbnowski 20031. Debates about farm animal welfare continue with less apparent progress. Consequently, the failure to self-regulote husbandry in some concentrated animal feeding operations {"factory farms"I has begun to drive the public to seek legislative solutions ~e.g., ballot initiatives to ban geslation and veal crates). 2. The Need for Standards Despite the lessons learned from the high-profile examples referenced above, and the availability of substantial resources to guide shelter operations (ASPCA 2009; HSUS 2010; Miller 2004b, 2009; NACA 2009c; Peterson 2008; UC Davis website), it is regrettable that serious deficiencies in companion-animal care in shelters continue to occur. There is convincing evidence that societal expectations for the care and welfare of animals have increased. This ethic is reflected in the professional literature as well as in extensive guidelines and/or codes of ethics issued by trade organizations, regulatory bodies, advisory boards and policy-making agencies for animals in almost every conceivable setting except animal shelters [e.g., zoological parks (AZA 2009, 2010; Kohn 1994), research laboratories iCACC 1993; TAR 1996; SCAW 2001), breeding kennels (AKC 2006, 2008), catteries (CFA 2009; CVMA 2009), exotic wildlife sanctuaries (ASA 2009; Brent 2007; GFAS 2009), animal agriculture (FASS 1999; Mench 2008; Veissier 20081, pet industry retailers (PJAC 2009), boarding kennels (CVMA 2007; New Zealand 1993; PCSA 20091, domestic wildlife rehabilitation (Miller 2000), animal rescue (ARA}, equine rescue and retirement facilities {AAFP 2004; GFAS 2009)]. It might be assumed that anti-crueity statutes would protect shelter animals, but these statutes are often not sufficient to ensure that animals in either public or private shelter and rescue settings receive proper care. One reason far this is that many retain 19th- century wording, which is difficult to interpret in modern settings, i.e.: "Whoever overdrives, overloads, drives when overloaded, overworks, tortures, torments, deprives of necessary sustenance, cruelly beats, mutilates or kills an animal, or causes or procures an animal to be overdriven, overloaded, driven when overloaded, overworked, tortured, tormented, deprived of necessary sustenance, cruelly beaten, mutilated or killed;... and whoever, having the charge or custody of an animal, either as owner or otherwise, inflicts unnecessary cruelty upon it, or unnecessarily fails to provide it with proper food, drink, shelter, sanitary environment, or protection from the weather, and whoever, as owner, possessor, or person having the charge or custody of an animal, cruelly drives or works it when unfit for labor, or willfully abandons it, or carries it or causes if to be carried in or upon a vehicle, or otherwise, in an unnecessarily cruel or inhumane manner or in a way and manner which might endanger the animal carried thereon, or knowingly and willfully authorizes or permits it to be subjected to unnecessary torture suffering or cruelty of any kind commits the crime of cruelty to animals". It can be difficult to apply this outdated anti- cruelty language to address modern concerns 9 Grrr~dc~line__rf~y.5`t~rrldizrdi nfC;ura~ iia ~ir~dnutl,S'lse~Iters Table 1. Five Freedoms For Amoral WelfCne (LClr III Animal Welfare, Council 2009), about physical and psychological suffering from confinement as well as suffering from illness or death. Furthermore, there can be a large gap between adequate care and deficiencies serious enough to prosecute under existing cruelly statutes. This leaves the possibility that substantial numbers of animals will live in substandard conditions within organizations expected to protect animal welfare. In some cases, the organizations that are at fault for providing inappropriate or negligent care ore governed by the some entity that investigates animal cruelty, creating a conflict of interest. Because the legal definition of animal cruelty varies from state to state it is beyond the scope of these guidelines to specifically and directly address animal cruelly, However, it is clear that when failure by an individual to provide certain minimum standards of care constitutes animal cruelty, the some standards must apply to shelters. Good intentions or lack of resources should not serve as an excuse for municipalities or private organizations to permit or perpetuate animal cruelty. 3. The Five Freedoms and Companion Animals The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has brief care guidelines for cornpanion animals including some recommendations for humane societies {AVMA 2008). They have also stated, through the AVMA Animal Welfare Principles, 1. Freedom from Hunger by ready access to fresh water and a diet to and Thirst maintain full health and vigor 2. Freedom from by providing an appropriate environment Discomfort including shelter and a cornfortable resting area 3. Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment 4. Freedom to Express by providing sufficient space, proper facilities Normal Behavior and company of the animal's own kind 5. Freedom from Fear and by ensuring conditions and treatment which Distress avoid mental suffering that animals should be treated with respect and dignify throughout their lives (AVMA 20061. A broader, independent set of standards developed from within the shelter veterinary community is needed to identify best and unacceptable practices as well as minimum standards of care for shelter animals - whether in a large organization, a small home-based effort, or something in between. In order to be flexible enough to guide any type of sheltering situation, standards need to clearly describe some general principles without being overly prescriptive. The welfare principles enumerated as the Five Freedoms (Table 1) {Farm Animal Welfare Council 2009) provide a model that is applicable across species and situations, including animal shelters. The Five Freedoms were created in 1965 in the United Kingdom as a result of a report by the Brambell Commission (which later became the Farm Animal Welfare Council) to address welfare concerns in agriculture settings. There is ample evidence that the Five Freedoms are broadly accepted as guidelines for welfare for all animals. For example, a survey of large animal faculty at veterinary schools indicated strong support for these principles in the United States jHeleski 2005), and it has been recommended that they are equally useful as a framework for zoo animal welfare jWielebnowski 20031. The Five Freedoms also form the basis for minimum standards for dogs, cats, and animals in boarding facilities promulgated by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture (New Zealand 1998, 2007) and recently, for standards from the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association for cats (CVMA 2009}. This approach has also been embraced by the laboratory animal community (Boyne 1998; CACC 1993; ILAR 1996; SCAW 20011. As performance standards, rather than engineering standards, the Five Freedoms define outcomes and imply criteria for assessment, but do not prescribe the methods by which to achieve those outcomes. The Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters has been written using the Five Freedoms for Animal Welfare as the basis for all sections in this document. 10 Holt) to use this cdoc irrnenl How to use this document There ore 12 sections in the document. Each section should be read in its entirety so that recommendations are not taken out of context and misunderstood. Shelters should not focus solely on the limited number of unacceptable practices or call cuts that have been separately highlighted. These represent summary points that draw attention to some issues of great concern, but do not provide sufficient basis for thorough evaluation of a program. No shellering organization, regardless of its circumstances, i.e., budget, size, etc., should engage in any practice that is deemed unacceptable. Unacceptable practices most be corrected without delay. For example, failure to identify and provide analgesia for painful conditions is unacceptable and corrective steps must be taken immediately. Whenever a practice is identified as "must", it is believed that without adherence to this recommendation, the delivery of a minimum level of acceptable or humane care is not possible. Use of the word "should" implies a strong recommendation. It is recognized that implementation of "ideal" recommendations may not be possible in all circumstances but would certainly enhance care for animals. A glossary of terms is provided at the end of this document to aid in understanding. The terms "longterm" and "short-term" are used in several sections of this document {e.g., Facilities, Behavior, Medical Health and Physicol Well-being!. It is difficult to define when a shelter stay shifts from being short-term to long-term, and the impact of length of stay may affect individual animals differently. Therefore, recommendations found throughout this document that refer to long-term stays do not have a specific timeframe associated with them. Ideally, recommendations to ensure physical and behavioral health and well-being for long-term care should be implemented as soon as possible, regardless of length of stay expectations, but especially whenever a slay is anticipated to exceed 1 or 2 weeks. Managenneut and recoi~d keeping Management and record keeping Lines of authority, responsibility, and supervision should ideally be put in writing, reviewed periodically and updated when roles change. Adequate training is required to ensure humane animal care, as well as staff and public safety. A unique identa fier (name and/or number) and record must be established for each animal upon intake. Implementation of the recommendations in this document requires adequate resources, planning, training, and monitoring; these operational principles form the foundation upon which many other elements described in this document must rest. To build [his foundation, organizations must have a clearly defined mission; policies and protocols that reflect current information; adequate staff training and supervision; and proper management of animal care. Because animal health is interwoven into virtually every face[ of sheltering or rescue programs, veterinarians should be integrally involved with development and implementation of an organizational plan, and must have supervision of medical and surgical care of animals. Organizational functioning, employee health and well-being, and animal wellness are inextricably linked (Reeve ct al 2004; Rogelberg et al 20071. 1. Establishment of Policies and Protocols A clearly defined mission forms the basis for development of organizational policies, including those relating to animal care, intake, Ireatment, adoption, and euthanasia. Policies must address the resources and legal/contractual obligations of the organization. Protocols must be developed and documented in sufficient detail to achieve and maintain the standards described in this document, and updated as needed to ensure that they reflect current information and pertinent legislation (Hurley 2008a). All staff (and volunteers as needed) must have access to up-to-date protocols. Expert input on all policies and protocols related to maintenance of physical and behavioral animal health should be provided by a veterinarian. Ideolly, this veterinarian would have training or experience in shelter medicine as well as knowledge about the particular population. 2. Management Structure A clearly defined Muclure that outlines accountability, responsibility, and authority for management within the organization is essential and must be communicated to all staff and volunteers. fines of oulhcrity, responsibility, and supervision should ideally be put in writing, reviewed periodically and updated when (ales change. Authority and responsibility must be given only to those who have the appropriate knowledge and training. Many decisions involve issues of resource allocation as well as population health and individual animal welfare; in these cases brood consideration must be given to all factors, and decisions may well be made by a group of qualified individuals. However, in cases where animal welfare could be compromised, a veterinarian's decision should not be overridden. Supervision and accountability for all staff and volunteers are essential to ensure that policies and protocols guide daily activities. . Training Adequate training is required to ensure humane animal care, as well as staff and public safety {ILAR 1996}. This includes allocating time and resources for employees and volunteers to complete training prior to undertaking responsibility for tasks. The skills, knowledge and training to accomplish each task must be successfully demonstrated before proficiency is assumed. Continuing education should be provided in order to maintain and improve skills. Documentation of training should be mainlained. 4. Animal Identification and Record Keeping A unique identifier name and /or number) cord record must be established for each animal upon intake. Identification should be physically affixed to the animal le,g., collar or tag) for the duration of the animal's stay unless this poses a sofeiy risk for animals and/or staff. Basic elements of a record should include- the identifier, results of microchip scan, microchip number if present, source of animal, dates of entry and departure, outcome, species, age, gender, physical description (breed and colors), and available medical and behavioral information. (See section an Population Management and section on Medical Health and Well-being for more information on medical records and population data collection.) 12 F-acilit), Design raid L'uvii-vnwew Facility Design and Environment Shelters must provide on environment that is conducive to maintaining animal health, Facilities must be appropriate for the species, the number of animals receiving care and the expected length of stay in order to ensure physical and psychological well- being of the animals. The design should provide for proper separation of animals by health status, age, gender, species, temperameni, and predator-prey status Isee section on Medical Health and Physical Well-being and section on Behavioral Health and Mental Well-being for more information), and include sufficient space for the shelter operations described in this document [intake, examination, holding, adoption, isolation, treatment, food storage, laundry, and when necessary, euthanasia). Entrances and exits, hallways, and rooms should be arranged so that movement through the facility ["foot traffic") and cleaning, as described in the Sanitation section, should proceed from the areas housing the most susceptible to disease and/or healthiest animals to those who are most likely to be a source of contagious disease. One set of guidelines recommends that at least 10% of the facility housing capacity should be made available for isolation of animals diagnosed with or suspected of having infectious diseases (New Zealand 19931. Organizations that provide services to privately owned animals (e.g., spay/neuter or veterinary clinics) should separate those animals from shelter animals. 1. Primary Enclosure A primary enclosure is defined as an area of confinement such as a cage, run, kennel, stall, or pen, where an animal eats, sleeps, and in most sheltering situations spends the majority of its time. The primary enclosure must be structurally sound and maintained in safe, working condition to properly confine animals, prevent injury, keep other animals out, and enable the animals to remain dry and clean. There must not be any sharp edges, gaps or other defects that could cause an injury or trap a limb or other body part. Secure latches or other closing devices must be present. Wire-mesh bottoms or slafted floors in cages are not acceptable for primary enclosures for cats and dogs. Enclosures that permit care and cleaning without removal of the animals [e.g., double-sided or compartmentalized enclosuresl are very important to prevent disease transmission and should be provided for recently admitted or ill animals and those who are younger than 20 weeks of age.. The primary enclosure should be readily cleaned and disinfected. Even in home-based shelters, where the home itself or a room within the home may be the primary enclosure, sanitation is important. Until disease concerns have abated, newly arrived animals should be housed in areas of the home, or enclosures within the home, that can be properly and easily sanitized. Poor cat housing is one of the greatest shortcomings observed in shelters and has a substantially negative impact on both health and well-being. Tethering is an unacceptable method of confinement forany animal and has no place in humane sheltering [HSUS 2009o}. Constant tethering of dogs in lieu of a primary enclosure is not a humane practice, and the AnimaP Welfare Act prohibited its use in 1997 for all regulated entities [APHIS 1997al, Primary enclosures must provide sufficient spore to allow each animal, regardless of species, to make normal postural adjustments, e.g., to turn freely and to easily stand, sit, stretch, move their head, without touching the top of the enclosure, lie in a comfortable position with limbs extended, move about and assume a comfortable posture for feeding, drinking, urinating and defecating IAAEP 2004; CFA 2009; Hansen 2000; King County 2009; Kulpo-Eddy 2005; Now Zealand 1993). In addition, cuts and dogs should be able to hold their tails erect when in a normal standing position, Primary enclosures should allow animals to see out but should also provide at least some opportunity to avoid visual contact with other animals (Corlslead 1993; Overall 1997; Wells 1998}. A range of minimum dimensions have been suggested for primary enclosures for dogs and cats (CFA 2009; Griffin 2006; Flew Zealand 1993). Most of these recommendations exceed Tethering is an unacceptable method of con fnement for any animal and has no place in humane sheltering. 13 Gttideli;zes for,Strrzdrtids of Caw in Aninial Shelte)-s Enclosures that permit care and cleaning without removal of the animals are very important to prevent disease transmission, and should he provided for recently admitted and ill animals, and those who are younger than 24 weeps of age. Figure 1. Minimal spucing recommended bet+veen htterbox, reslinci place, and fon& what is lypicolly found in many shelters. Because of the wide range of body sizes for dogs, specific recommendations for minimum kennel sizes ore not included in This document. However, the size of each primary enclosure must be sufficient to meet the physical and behavioral parameters described above, Less than 2 feet of triangulated distance between litlerbox, resting place and feeding area has been shown to adversely affect food intake for cats (Figure 1 ) (Bourgeois 2004}. Cats housed in cages with 11 square feet of floor space were found to be significantly less stressed than those with only 5.3 square feet of space (Kessler 1999b). The Cat Fanciers' Association recommends a minimum of 30 cubic feet per cat (CFA 2009). Shelters should strive to exceed these dimensions, particularly as length of stay increases. (See section on Group Housing for dimensions recommended for group housing.) In addition to size considerations, proper layout of the primary enclosure is essential to maintain animal health and welfare. Food and water bowls or receptacles must be provided. The location of food, water, and litter containers relative to each other, resting areas, doors, etc., can have a significant impact on the well-being of animals (CACC 19931- . 2 feet /Z ry 0 Separation between food, urination and defecation, and resting areas should be maximized. A primary enclosure must allow animals to sit, sleep and eat away from areas of their enclosures where they defecate and urinate. This can be accomplished through the use of double-sided or compartmentalized enclosures; single enclosu res for cats o1sufficient size as describecl in the figure above; or walking dogs with sufficient frequency on a daily basis that Ihey do not need to urinate or defecue within Iheir enclosures, provided this can be accomplished without undue risk to health and safety. Attention should be paid to the habits of individual animals. Confinement, even in compartmentalized housing, will inhibit some dogs, from urinating or defecating. Many cats will avoid defecation and urination if litlerbox location or substrate is oversive (CACC 1993; Neilson 20041. Cats must have a litlerbox large enough to comfortably accommodate their entire body. For cats, vertical as well as horizontal dimensions ore extremely imporlanl because cats show a preference for spending more time on raised surfaces and high structures Ihan on the floor. Some dogs also prefer to rest on elevated surfaces. Flevated resting places should be provided whenever possible, as long as this would not restrict animal movement within the enclosure. A soft resting place should be made available for oil animals to provide comfort and prevent pressure sores from developing (Crouse 1995; New Zealand 1998}. Cages or crates intended for short-term, temporary confinement or travel airline crates, transport carriers, cages or crates designed to restrict mobility during a defined period for recovery or treatment including small stainless steel cages less than 2 fl x 2 ft), ore unacceptable as primary enclosures and are cruel if used as such (CFA 2009; Miller 2000). Crates or cages must not be stacked upon each other in a manner that increases animal stress and discomfort, compromises ventilation, or allows waste material to fall from the cage above into the cage below. Poor cat housing is one of the greatest shortcomings observed in shelters and has a substantially negative impact on both health and well-being. Existing housing can be modified to improve feline welfare le.g., cutting portholes in stainless steel cages 14 Facility Desig)r and En vir invent to increase available space and create multi- compartment housing units) {UC Davis 2009). Cats must have places to Bide [e.g., paper bag or box large enough to provide concealment} and should have high points to perch upon {Carlstead 1993; Crouse 1995; De Monte 1997; Griffin 2002, 2006, 2009a; Hubrecht 2002; Rochlitz 1999, 2002; Wells 2000). One study found that the ability to hide led to decreased stress hormones in cats (Ccrlstead 19931. Ideally, cats should not be restricted to floor level cages, since these are more stressful compared to elevated cages. As the length of stay increases le.g., beyond 1-2 weeks), it becomes progressively more important to provide space that is both mentally and physically stimulating;. alternatives to traditional housing must be provided. For animals housed long term, the physical environment must include opportunities for hiding, playing, resting, feeding, and eliminating. For cats, the environment should also allow for scratching, climbing and perching. Protected indoor-outdoor access is ideal for most species, especially when animals are held long term. Outdoor spaces must be suitably enclosed to protect from adverse weather, vandalism, and prevent escape or predation. 2. Surfaces and Drainage Non-porous surfaces that can be easily disinfected and are durable enough to withstand repeated cleaning should be used in all animal areas and must be used in those areas housing puppies and kittens, or animals who are infectious or who are newly admitted with on unknown health history. These principles ore equally important in home- based programs. A sealed, impermeable surface, such as sealed concrete or epoxy is ideal for flooring (New Zealand 1993). Carpeting should not be used in animal housing areas because It connol be effectively cleaned and disinfected. In a home-based setting or light use situation, linoleum or tiled floors may be acceptable, but seams and grout lines require higher maintenance and attention to sanitation than a sealed surface. Points where walls meet floors should also be sealed. Peeling, scratched or chipped floors that cannot be properly sanitized should be repaired or replaced. Special accommodation soft bedding or slip- proof mats) is required for animals with arthritis, muscle weakness, or other mobility impairments as these animals may have difficulty rising if surfaces are too slippery. Floors should be gently sloped to enable wastes and water to run off into drains. Waste water should not run off into common areas or adjacent kennels, Adequate drainage must be provided (New 7ealand 1993). When drains ore located in common areas special care must be taken to sanitize and disinfect those areas prior to allowing anirnal access. Drain covers should be designed to prevent toes from being caught in drains. 3. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Quality Temperature and humidity recommendations vary with the species of animal being housed, but it is essential that each primary enclosure allows an animal to comfortably maintain normal body temperature (AVMA 2008x; New Zealand 1993). Temperature and humidity levels should be evaluated at the level of the animal's body within its enclosure. For dogs and cats, the AVMA recommends the ambient temperature should be kept above 60°F j 15.5°C, and below 80°F (2.6.6°C), and the relative humidity should range from 30 to 70% (AVMA 2008a). Because of breed, body condition, medical condition, haircoat, facial conformation, and age differences, animals must be monitored individually to ensure their comfort and to ensure they can adequately maintain their body ternperoture. If animals appear loo cold (i.e., shivering or huddling together for warmth} or too hot (i.e., excessive panting, necessary measures must be taken to ensure animal comfort and safety (i.e., adjustments to the thermostat, additional bedding, fans, movement to anoiher area of the shelter, health evaluation, etc.1 Proper bedding mcteriols, when kept clean and dry, can help animals maintain appropriate body temperature. Cages or crates intended for short-term, teinporary con fines?'lent or travel are unacceptable as primary enclosures and are cruel if used as such. )5 Guidelines f n. Starrrhzrds 0)"Gire it .11,Ih aal 'S hers Fresh air is essential for maintenance of good health and well-being as well as limiting the spread of infectious diseases (CFA 2009). Proper ventilation removes heat, dampness, odor, airborne microbes, and pollutant gasses such as ammonia and carbon monoxide, while allowing for the introduction of fresh, oxygenated air. Ventilation must be maintained at a high enough rate to provide clean air in all areas of the shelter including within primary enclosures. All ventilation systems must be adequately maintained and oir quality should be monitored at the level of the animal. Between 10 and 20 room air exchanges per hour with fresh air is the standard recommendation for adequate ventilation of animal facilities (European Council 1986; Johnson 2004; ILAR 1996). Ventilation requirements vary depending on population density and pollutants in the air. A facility may require a higher ventilation rate when it is at full capacity compared to when it is relatively empty, as animals themselves are a major source of heat, humidity and ammonia. Other pollutants also increase with the number of animals housed. Ventilation rates may need to be adjusted seasonally and should not be thermostat-controlled, Systems that circulate air only when the temperature or humidity require adjustment do not provide adequate ventilation throughout the year. Ventilation most be accomplished without compromising maintenance of appropriate temperatures. Because canine respiratory pathogens can be easily transmitted through the air, isolation areas for dogs should have separate air circulation from the rest of the facility (Appel 19721. Separate air exchange for feline isolation areas are a lesser priority as cats do not readily aerosolize their pathogens (Gaskell 1982; Wardley 19771. To prevent droplet transmission of respiratory viruses, however, cat cages facing each other should be spaced more than 4 feet apart jGaskell 1977; Povey 1970; Wardley 19771. Although adequate ventilation to provide good air quality is essential, investment in enclosures and other aspects of facility design that reduce fomite transmission (e.g., double-sided enclosures that allow animals to remain inside their enclosures during cleaning] is also critical to animal health. Even excellent ventilation will not overcome the harmful effects of inadequate housing, Good air quality requires good sanitation and cleaning to reduce sources of airborne particles and gaseous contaminants such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide (FASS Guide 1999). Published guidelines for maximum ammonia exposures reflect hazards to human health or adverse affects on animal production and should not be used as an indicator of proper sanitation. Although some of the regulations for concentrated animal feeding operations cite minimum ammonia levels at or below 10 parts per million jppm), acceptable levels in a shelter should be less than 2 ppm (G. Patronek 2010, unpublished data). In properly run shelters, ammonia should be below this level even before morning cleaning. Dust control is important because microbes may be transmitted by airborne dust (FASS 1999). Airborne dust can contain a variety of bioactive aerosols, particularly endotoxins, which have pro-inflammotory effects and a negative impact on lung function (Donhom 2002; Rylander 2006, 20071. 4. Light Facilities should be designed to offer as much natural light as possible. When artificial light is used, it should closely approximate natural light in both duration and intensity ]CFA 2009; Griffin 2006; New Zealand 1993; Patronek 2001). Enclosures should be positioned so individual animals can avoid being exposed to excessive amounts of light or darkness. For example, cats on the lower level of a cage stack would spend most of their day in shadows unless light fixtures are mounted such that light shines into the lower level cages (CFA 2009). Cages should be spaced for enough apart to allow ambient light to reflect off the ceiling and floor. Adequate amounts of darkness are as important as light. Light and darkness should be provided so that they support the natural Icircadian) rhythms of wakefulness and sleep. 16 Facility Design and F5wimunient Adequate lighting is also necessary for effective observation of animals (AAEP 2004). 5. Sound Control An appropriate acoustic environment is essential for good animal heallh and welfare. Noise should be minimized in animal areas. Dog and cat hearing is more sensitive than human hearing so it can be assumed that noise levels that are uncomfortable to humans are even more uncomfortable for animals. Many common features of animal shelters contribute to elevated noise levels, including: forced air ventilation, barking dogs, non-porous building materials, use of power hoses, metal kennel gales, and metal food bowls. Excessive noise contributes to adverse behavioral and physiological responses (Spreng 20001. Excessive noise from barking dogs is a particular welfare concern because of both its magnitude and duration lSales 19971. Cats, in particular, are adversely affected by the sound of barking dogs [McCobb 2005). Sound levels in a she{ter can exceed 100 db, largely due to barking (Coppola 2006). Sound is measured on a logarithmic scale, so a 90 db sound is 10 times louder than an 80 db sound. Any sound in the 90-120 db range can be felt as well as heard and may lead to irreversible hearing loss in humans. For comparison, a jackhammer produces noise in the 110 db range, and a subway train 95 db. Levels of 50-70 db or higher are considered likely to be detrimental to the hearing of rodents and rabbits (CCAC 19931. (See section on Public Health for information on occupoticnal safety.} Because sound can have a detrimental effect, interventions to reduce sound in shelters are important for animal heolth and well-being. Architectural strategies to minimize the impact of noise (e.g., arrangement of caging, materials selection for cages, doors, and latchesl should be implemented in facility design or be added to an existing facility. Appropriate architectural strategies combined with behavior modification or enrichment strategies to reduce barking can dramatically reduce noise levels (Griffin 2009a; Johnson 2004). Staff must also be instructed to avoid creating excessive noise during routine activities le.g., slamming cage or kennel doors, tossing metal bowls). Noise-producing equipment should be located as for away from the animals as possible 11-lubrecht 20021. Sound- absorbent materials must ba durable enough to permit repeated cleaning and should either be out of the animals reach or resistant to destruction lHubrecht 20021. Shelters should be designed so that cats are not exposed to the noise of barking dogs (McCobb 2005}. In a study of shelter dogs, visual contact with other dogs improved welfare and did not increase barking lWells 1998); therefore preventing visual contact should not be used as a general strategy to reduce barking. Music has been used to reduce animal stress in a variety of different settings 11-me 1990; Wells 2002). While anecdotal reports support this finding, little data exist to recommend its use for shelters. Music or other sounds as a form of enrichment need to be considered carefully, particularly if animals have no way to move away or control their exposure. Many animals, including dogs, are able to hear frequencies above what humans can hear, Therefore, if music is introduced, radios or other sound systems should not be placed directly on cages and the volume should not exceed conversational levels. In one study, heavy metal music was shown to increase barking and arousal, whereas classical music had a calming effect (Wells 20021. 6. Drop Boxes Although shelters often face challenges posed by limited operating hours for public access, the use of unattended "drop boxes" where live animals are placed by the public in receptacles for later intake may result in animal suffering or death and should be avoided. Alternatives should be provided le,g., drop-off arrangements with police department or veterinary emergency clinics). Information about these olternatives should be made available to the public. The use of unattended `drop boxes" where live anirnals are placed by th. e public in receptacles for later intake may resuh- Zn aniSnial suering or death and' should be avoided. 17 Guidelines for Strandaids of Gam in AninJal Shelters Population Management Capacity to provide humane care has limits for every organization, just as it does in private homes. Population management describes an active process of planning, on-going daily evaluation, and response to changing conditions as an organization cares for multiple animals. Effective population management requires a plan for intentionally managing each animal's shelter stay that takes into consideration the organizalion's ability to provide core that meets the recommendations outlined in this document. The capacity to provide humane care depends on the number and condition of animals admitted and their duration of stay; the size and condition of the facility, staffing levels and training; and other factors as wet! as the number of available enclosures. There are many ways to maintain a population within an organization's capacity for care whether in a shelter or home-based rescue organization. Active population management is one of the foundations of shelter animal health and well- being (Hurley 2004a), and must be based on an appreciation that capacity to provide humane care has limits for every organization, just as it does in private homes. When a population is not managed within an organization's capacity for care, other standards of care become difficult or impossible to maintain. 1. Capacity for Cara Every sheltering organization has a maximum capacity for care, and the population in their care must not exceed that level. Factors that determine capacity for care include: the number of appropriate housing units; staffing for programs or services; staff training; average length of stay; and the total number of reclaims, adoptions, transfers, release, or other outcomes. Many factors can alter the capacity for care. For example, loss of animal care staff, or malfunctioning enclosures, can temporarily decrease the capacity for care until such time as new persons are hired and appropriately trained, or enclosures are repaired or replaced. Operating beyond an organization's capacity for care is an unacceptable practice. Maximum housing capacity must be based on the number of animals who can be adequately housed within available primary enclosures. (See section on Facilities and section on Group Housing for information on adequate housing.( Ideally, shelters should maintain their populations below maximum housing capacity to allow for daily intake as well as more flexibility when choosing appropriate enclosures for each animal. Maximum housing capacity must not be exceeded, Even though enclosures may be available, it may be necessary to leave some empty due to other constraints an capacity for care je.g., staffing levels and opportunities for enrichment[. The National Animal Control Association jNACA( and the Humane Society of the United States [HSUS 2010] recommend a minimum of 15 minutes of care time per day for feeding and cleaning each animal housed in the shelter {9 minutes for cleaning and 6 minutes for feeding) (HSUS 2010; NACA 2009b). For example, if 40 animals are present, a minimum of 10 hours of care would be required for basic care (40 onimols @ 15 minutes/animal = 10 hours). Ability to provide services such as medical and belhaviorol evaluation or treatment, adoption, spay/neuter or euthanasia can be similarly evaluated based on average time for service [Newbury 2009x, 2009b). Staffing or volunteer work hours must be sufficient to ensure that the basic needs of onlmals in the shelter are met each day. length of stay has a dramatic effect an the experience and needs of animals in shelter care. The type of care and enrichment provided to sheltered animals must be appropriate to the length of stay (f otronek 2001 Average or median length of stay is also a key factor contributing to the number of animals present in the shelter each day, which in turn affects the ability to provide adequate care. For example, if an average of 5 cats per day enter the shelter and each stays an average of 5 days, the average daily population would be 25 cats. If the average length of stay rises to 10 days with no change in the average intake, then the average daily population would double to 50 cats. 18 P"Pulation Iolanagenrent Adequate staffing must be available to ensure that each critical point of service [e.g., vaccination or medical evaluation, spay/neuter surgery, or a physical move to adoption) is delivered promptly. Delays resulting in even one to two additional days of care may result in crowding and poor animal welfare in facilities that operate near maximum capacity. Expected demand for these critical points of service should be estimated based on the expected numbers of animals who will need each service and the length of time it Ickes to complete each procedure le.g., number of onimals needing evaluation or spay neuter surgery prior to adaplion). Operating beyond capacity for care will result in unwanted outcomes including: delays or failure to provide necessary care; use of substandard housing; increases in staff and animal stress; haphazard mixing of animals; increased risk of infectious disease exposure; and increases in negative interactions between animals [Hurley 2008b; Newbury 2009x, 2009b). Operating beyond capacity for care creates a vicious cycle; services required for moving animals through the system are delayed. These delays prolong average lengths of stay for animals, leading to increased daily population. This further taxes the organization's capacity for care, worsens conditions, and threatens animal wellbeing lNewbury 2009a, 2009b). Once a shelter has exceeded its capacity for care it is no longer possible to ensure the Five Freedoms. 2. Protocols for Maintaining Adequate Capacity for Care Shelters must have policies and protocols to maintain adequate capacity for care and housing. Policies must provide a means of balancing admission with the outcomes available (e.g., adoption, transfer, release, return to owner, euthanasia, or others. ncreasing the number of animals housed beyond the capacity for core is on unacceptable practice. Inspection of all animals must be performed doily in order to routinely evaluate and monitor adequacy of capacity and to identify needs for housing, care, or service [CFA 2009; New Zealand 1993. Appropriate interventions must be made before animal numbers exceed the capacity for care and housing. Waiting to respond until capacity has been exceeded results in animal suffering. 3. Monitoring Statistical Data Monitoring population stalislics over lime is a necessary component of a population management plan. At minimum, statistics must include monthly intake (e.g., stray, owner surrendered) and outcomes by type (e.g., adoption, euthanasia, returned to owner) for each species. For optimal population management and monitoring, an animal census (animal inventory) should be taken, evaluated, and reconciled with records daily to ensure accuracy of data collection as well as facilitate evaluation of capacity. Ideally, population statistics should also include an evaluation by age group, health and behavior status at intake as well as al outcome. More detailed data monitoring such as lrackig3 incidence of disease at intake [preexislingl and during shelter slay [from previous exposure or shelter acquiredl is a best practice. Effective population management requires a plan fbr° intentionally managing each animal's shelter stay that takes into consideration the organizations ability to provide care. Operating beyond an organization's capacity for care is an unacceptable practice. 19 Gitldell)Te fbr Standrtrds of Gaw in fli niwal Shelters Sanitation Enough staff must be assigned to complete sanitation tasks promptly each day so that animals spend the majority of their tune in sanitary conditions. Good sanitation is an integral part of humane animal housing. Proper cleaning and disinfection practices help reduce the transmission of infectious diseases to both animals and people, and result in a cleaner and healthier environment {Cherry 2004; Hoff 1985; Lawler 2006; Weese 2002). A clean shelter also has the added benefits of increasing the comfort level of the animals and presenting a positive image of the shelter to the public. Protocols for proper sanitation are essential for any sheltering program. Providing education and training as well as ensuring compliance with those protocols is also essential. 1. Cleaning and Disinfection Physical cleaning is defined as the removal of urine, fecal matter, and other organic material from the environment (Gilman 2004; Smith 2005). Cleaning should resull in a visibly clean surface, but may not remove all of the harmful pathogens. Disinfection is the process that will kill most of the contaminants in a given area {Gilman 20041. Sanitation, for the purposes of this document, is defined as the combination of cleaning and disinfection, and is a requirement for all shelters and rescue homes. Sterilization is the destruction of all microbes, including spores, and is generally reserved for surgical instruments, surgical gloves, and other equipment necessary for sterile procedures. True sterilization of cage and kennel surfaces does not occur in a shelter (Gilman 2004). Whether or not infectious disease occurs is dependent on several factors: the host (exposed animal), the virulence of the pathogen, the amount of the pathogen present, and the duration of exposure (Lawler 2006. Infectious dose defines a threshold amount of a pathogen required to cause infection and disease. By cleaning and using disinfectants properly, the number of pathogens in the environment is decreased, reducing the dose delivered if an animal is exposed. Sanitizing with the proper frequency decreases the duration of exposure. In the event of a disease outbreak, sanitation protocols and practices should be reviewed to determine if there are problems with the products or practices. Very often, even though protocols appear adequate, changes in practices (e.g., inaccurate dilution of disinfectants or changes in day-to-day cleaning practices) have contributed to outbreaks (Petersen 20081. Sanitation protocols must be revised as needed during an outbreak to address specific pathogens. a) Sanitation Procedures An assessment of the facility, animal population, training, equipment and procedures to be employed must be considered when developing sanitation protocols. Ideally, sanitation protocols should he developed and periodically reviewed in consultation with a veterinarian experienced in shelter medicine. While information about shelter sanitation may be extrapolated from many sources, protocols musl be based on current knowledge and recommendations developed specifically for animal shelters, and must include specific methods and agents for achieving the goals of both cleaning and disinfection. An increasing number of resources exist providing guidelines tailored to the shelter environment [Dvorak 2009; Miller 2004b; Peterson 2008; UC Davis 2009). Enough staff must be assigned to complete sanitation tasks promptly each day so that animals spend the majority of their time in sanitary conditions. As an example, out of the total of 15 minutes recommended per animal for doily husbandry, NACA and HSUS guidelines recommend a minimum of 9 minutes per animal per day for routine cleaning. Thus 40 dogs @ 9 minutes/dog - 360 minutes. This total lime of 360 minutes (6 hrs} would allow sufficient time for a 10-minute disinfectant contact time in each kennel because other activities or tasks cleaning other kennels, laundry) can be accomplished while the disinfectant sits. Selection of proper cleaning and disinfectant products is essential. Detergents and degreasers must be used as needed to maintain clean surfaces free of visible dirt and debris. Disinfectants must be chosen that will be effective under the conditions 20 Sanitation present in a given environment le.g., presence of organic matter), and with demonsiroted activity against the pathogens for which the animals are at risk lEtrepi 20081. Unenvefoped viruses such as parvovirus, panleukopenia, and feline calicivirus are of particular concern, but other disinfection- resistant agents such as coccidia and Microsporum Canis may also be problematic. Some disinfectants have been shown by independent studies not to be effective against these durable pathogens le.g., quaternary ammonium compounds against unenveloped viruses), in spite of EPA-approved labeling by manufacturers IFleraky 2002; Kennedy 1995; Moriello 2004; Scott 19801. Products that hove not been independently validated against unanveloped viruses and other pathogens of concern should not be used as the sole disinfectant. The facility should be cleaned in order of animal susceptibility to disease and potential risk to the general population, starting with the most susceptible animals and ending with those who carry the highest risk of transmuting infectious disease. Separate cleaning supplies should be designated for each area. Appropriate protective clothing (gloves, gowns, and/or bootsl, should be used in each area, and removed before proceeding to care for other animals in the population. ISee section on Public Health for recommendations on personal protective equipment.} Failure to follow, a specified order of cleaning may result in susceptible populations being exposed to disease {Gfmon 2004; Smith 2005). In general, the order of cleaning and care, from first to last, should be: 1) healthy puppies acrd kittens and healthy nursing bitches and queens; 2) healthy adult animals; 3) unheafthy animals. Thorough sonitation of primary enclosures before a new animal enters is essential. Sanitalion protocols must include removal of gross organic matter, pre- cleaning of surfaces with a detergent or dogroaser, application of a disinfectant at the correct concentration and for sufficient time, rinsing, and drying. When water or cleaning and disinfecting products will be sprayed in or near the area of the primary enclosure, animals must be removed from the cage or kennel, or separated from the area being cleaned by guTofine doors to prevent splatter, soaking of the animals and stress. It is an unacceptable practice to spray down kennels or cages while animals are inside them, Animals who are housed long-term in the some enclosure require less frequent disinfection of their enclosure, but daily cleaning is still essential to maintain sanitary conditions. In many insfances, cages and kennels can be cleaned using the "spot cleaning" method, where the animal remains in its cage while the cage is tidied, and soiled materials, urine and feces are removed. Spot cleaning may be less stressful for the animal as it requires less onimal handling and does not remove familiar scents (Patronek 2001 1. Daily cleaning is also necessary in cage free housing and home environments. Improper cleaning may increase pathogen transmission (Cu(tis 2004). Practices that track pathogens from one enclosure to another put animals at risk. Mopping should be avoided if possible. When mopping cannot be avoided {e.g., when hosing is not possible} a disinfectant with good activity in the presence of organic matter must be used, and contaminated mop water should not be used from one housing area to another. Acceptable sanitation cannot be accomplished using water alone, nor using only a disinfectani [e.g., bleach) with no detergent propertles. Care should be taken when mixing cleaning products as the resulting mixture could be ineffective or even toxic. Alternolive methods of disinfection such as ultraviolet (UV) light or reliance on freezing during cold weather are not sufficient for sanitation in shelters or rescue facilities. Improper housing and poor facility design can also contribute to pathogen transmission. Housing for 21 (lnrdelirrc•s for Sr rnd rrds of Ca;-e in Animal Shelters Spraying down kennels or cages while animals are inside them is an unacceptable practice. recently admitted or ill animals and those who are younger than 20 weeks of age should be designed to permit cleaning without extensive handling of the animal or removal to an area that has not been sanitized le.g., double-sided or compartmentalized housing). Animal housing areas should be designed to withstand spraying of water and cleaning fluids, adequate drainage is essential. (See section on Facilities for information on appropriate shelter design to support cleaning and disinfection.) b) Fomite Control A fomite is an object that may be contaminated with pathogens and contribute to transmission of disease. The human body and clothing may serve as fomites. As apparently healthy animals as well as those who are obviously ill may be shedding pathogens, any complete sanitation protocol must address proper hygiene of shelter staff, volunteers, and visitors, including signage, supervision, and hand sanitation. Adequate hand sanitation is one of the best ways to prevent disease Iransmission and should be required before and after handling animals and fomites. Hand sanitation is achieved through hand washing, use of hand sonitezers, and proper use of gloves. Sinks should be available in all animal housing and food preparation areas, and must be equipped with soap and disposable paper towels. Hand sanitizer dispensers should be provided in all animal handling areas. It should be rated that hand sanitizers are ineffective against some of the most dangerous pathogens found in shelter settings (e.g., porvoviruses, caliciviruses) and cannot be relied on as the sole means of hand sanitation. Hand sanitizers should be used only on hands that appear clean (Boyce 7002) and should contain at least 60% alcohol. Clothing, even if visibly clean, may still carry pathogens. Protective garments (e.g., gowns, gloves, and boots or shoe covers) should be worn during cleaning or other intensive animal-handling activities (such as treatment of sick animals or euthanasia} and changed before going on with other activities of the day. Fresh protective garments should be worn when handling vulnerable populations, including puppies and kittens and newly admitted animals. Garments must be changed after handling an animal with o diagnosed or suspected serious illness such as porvovirus. All equipment that comes in contact with animals le.g., muzzles, medical and anesthetic equipment, humane traps, gloves, toys, carriers, letterboxes, food bowls, bedding) including cleaning supplies should be either readily disinfected or discarded after use with a single animal. Items that cannot be readily disinfected, such as leather gloves and muzzles, represent a risk to animals. Their use should be avoided especially for animals who appear ill and during disease outbreaks. For example, ringworm has been cultured from leather animal handling gloves in shelter settings. Mobile equipment such as rolling trash cans, shopping carts, and food or treatment carts (including their wheels) may also serve as fomites and should be sanitized accordingly. Scratched and porous surfaces are difficult or impossible to completely disinfect and should be used with caution or discarded (e.g., plastic litterpans, airline carriers, plastic and unglazed ceramic water bowls). Transport cages and Iraps, as well as vehicle compartments used for onirnol transport must be thoroughly disinfected after each use. All clothing and bedding used at the shelter must be laundered and thoroughly dried before reuse. Organic debris (e.g., feces) should be removed from articles before laundering. Articles that are heavily soiled should be laundered separately or discarded. Bedding and other materials heavily contaminated with durable pathogens such as parvoviruses should be discarded rather than risk further spread of disease (Peterson 2008). Food and water bowls should be kept clean and must be disinfected prior to use by a different animal. Automatic watering devices and water bottles should not be used if they cannot be disinfected before being used by another animal. Use of commercial dishwoshers is an excellent 22 &rrlttaltnlt way to thoroughly clean food and water bowls (Gilman 2004; Lawler 2006). The mechanical washing action and high temperatures attained in dishwashers will destroy the majority of pathogens but may not destroy unenveloped viruses such as parvoviruses. If these viruses are a problem a disinfectant should be applied to the dishes before or after going through the dishwasher. When dishes are sanitized by hand, they must be thoroughly washed and rinsed prior to disinfection. Ideally, food and water receptacles should be cleaned in an area separate from litter boxes or other items soiled by feces. At minimum, litterpons and dishes must not be cleaned at the same time in the same sink, and the sink should be thoroughly disinfected between uses. Foot traffic also plays a role in fomite transmission. Certain areas of the shelter, like isolation and quarantine areas, should be restricted to a small number of shelter staff. Transport of sick animals throughout the shelter, especially from intake areas to holding or euthanasia areas, should be planned to minimize spread of disease. Floors, as well as other surfaces je.g., tables, and countertops), should be immediately sanitized after contact with urine, feces, vomit, or animals known or suspected to have infectious disease. Footbaths are inadequate to prevent infectious disease spread and should not be relied on for this purpose. Poorly maintained footboths may even contribute to the spread of disease. Achieving adequate contact time (e.g., 10 minutes} is impractical, and footbaths require frequent maintenance because the presence of organic debris inactivates many disinfectants. Dedicated boots that can be disinfected or disposable shoe covers are more effective and should be used in contaminated areas {Morley 2005; Stockton 2006). It is unacceptable for animals to walk through footbaths. 2. Other Cleaning Outdoor areas around the shelter must be kept clean, recognizing ii is impossible to disinfect gravel, dirt, and grass surfaces. Access to areas that cannot be disinfected should be restricted to animals who appear healthy, have been vaccinated and dewormed, and are 5 months or older. Ideally, feces should be removed immediately from outdoor areas, but at minimum must be removed at least daily. Standing water should not be allowed to accumulate in areas around the shelter because many pathogens thrive and mosquitoes breed readily in these moist environments. Foster homes are an integral part of many shelter programs. Complete disinfection of a private home is impossible. All foster caregivers should be trained to minimize contamination of their homes by confining newly arrived foster animals or those showing signs of illness in areas that can be readily disinfected. 3e Rodent/Pest Control Many rodents and insects harbor bacteria and other pathogens that can contaminate food products, resulting in food spoilage or direct transmission of disease to the animals (Urban 1998). Areas of food storage are particularly vulnerable to infestation. All food should be kept in sealed bins or containers that are impervious to rodents and insects (New Zealand 19931. Food should be removed from runs at night if rodents and insects are present. If a shelter is experiencing a problem, solutions must be humane, safe, and effective. 23 Grrr`delz"xet jbr.5rvrzd~rr s n/ Gvv bi ArrrnmrI .Salters Medical Health and Physical Well-being Health is not merely the absence of disease or injury but is also closely tied to an animal's physical and mental well-being jHurnik 19881, Proper medical management and health care for shelter animals is an absolute necessily and must include attention to overall welj being. It is commonly accepted that animal shelters have a responsibility to provide for the health and welfare of all animals who enter their care. Unfortunately, compromised animal heolth and welfare have been documented in animal shelters, and without proper precautions shelters can experience severe disease outbreaks resulling in wide-stole death and/or euthanasia. Animals often arrive at shelters already experiencing health challenges, and even healthy animals entering new, expertly designed facilities may have their welfare compromised, or risk becoming ill without a functional medical healthcare program. Without proper medical care, shelter animals can suffer and die unnecessarily (HSUS 2007; King County Animal Services Report]. Shelter medical programs must include veterinary supervision (see Glossary for definitionj and the participation of trained staff to provide evaluation, preventive care, diagnosis and treatment (ASV position statemenl on veterinary supervision in animal shelters]. Disease prevention should be a priority, but appropriate treatment must also be provided in a timely fashion. Preventive healthcare that is appropriate for each species should include protocols that strengthen resistance to disease and minimize exposure to pathogens (Fowler 19931. Training and continuing education for those who carry out the protocols must be provided. Ensuring compliance with protocols should be a part of program management. Shelter healthcare protocols should support individual animals regaining and maintaining a stale of physical health and are essential for maintaining an overall healthy population by reducing the frequency and severity of disease. Individual animal welfare must be maintained within the balance of decisions and practices that support the overall population. Comprehensive shelter medical programs that begin on intake and continue throughout each animal's shelter stay are the foundation of a Sheller housing a population of increasingly healthy animals jAAHA 2006; CFA 2009; FASS 1999; Giffin 2009x; Lorson 2009; Miller 2004x; New Zealand 19981. Decline of animal health and welfare after intake; sick or injured animals languishing without proper treatment; Mde scale disease outbreaks; animals dying as a result of shelter-acquired disease or injury; and frequent zoonotic disease transmission in the shelter ore indicators of a poor healthcare program IFASS 19991. (See section on Physical Health and Well-being for information concerning expected mortality rates.I 1. Veterinary Relationship and Recordkeeping All health care practices and protocols should be developed in consultation with a veterinarian; ideally one familiar with shelter medicine. A formal relationship with a veterinarian should be in place to ensure that those responsible for daily animal health care have the necessary supervision and guidance. The best way to ensure that health care practices are in keeping with professionally accepted standards is to implement written standard operating procedures (501`51. Medications and treatments must only be administered under the advice or in accordance with written protocols provided by a vetennarion, and all drugs must be dispensed in accordance with federal and stale regulations. Accurate medical records are essential. Whenever possible a medical and behavioral history should be obtained from owners who relinquish animals to the shelter. Shelters must document all medical care rendered to each animal. Ideally, records should include each animal's dole of entry, source, identification information, a dated fist of all diagnostic tests including test results, treatments {including any medications with drug dose and route of administration] and procedures, and 24 Medical Ilealrh and Physical Mell-beiirg immunizations while in the care of the shelter. All medical information should be provided in written form with the animal at the time of Transfer or adoption. 2. Considerations on Intake Each animal's individual health status should be evaluated and monitored beginning at intake and regularly thereafter (AAEP 2004; UC Davis 2009). This allows any problems or changes that develop during an animal's shelter stay to be recognized, distinguished from pre-existing conditions, and addfes5ed. A medical history, if available, should be obtained from the owner at the time of surrender. Any available information should be solicited when stray animals are impounded as well. Ideally, this information should be obtained by interview, although written questionnaires are acceptable. Each animal should receive a health evaluation at intake to check for signs of infectious disease and/or problems that require immediate attention (UC Davis 20091. Intake evaluations should be documented in the medical record. Every attempt should be made to locate on animal's owner, including careful screening for identification and microchips at the time of intake. Intake health evoluation should therefore include scanning multiple times for a microchip using a universal scanner. Research has shown that the likelihood of detecting microchips increases with repeating the scan procedure multiple times (Lard 20081. (See subsections below for information on vaccination and other intake Ireotments.l Separation of animals entering shelters is essential for proper maintenance of health and welfare. Beginning at intake, animals should be separated by species and age as well as by their physical and behavioral health status. Young animals (puppies and kittens under 20 weeks [5 months] of age) are more susceptible to disease and so should be provided with greater protection from possible exposure, which can be more easily accomplished when they are separated from the general population. Starting from the time of intake and continuing throughout their stay, healthy animals should not be housed or handled with animals who have signs of illness. (See section on Behavioral Health and Well-being for more information on intake procedures.) 3, Vaccinations Vaccines are vital lifesaving tools that most he used as part of a preventive shelter healthcare program. Vaccination protocols used for individual pets in homes are riot adequate in most population settings. Strategies must be specifically tailored for shelters because of the higher likelihood of exposure to infectious disease, the likelihood that many animals entering the shelter are not immune (Fischer 20071 and the potentially life-threatening consequences of infection. Some vaccines prevent infection whereas others lessen the severity of clinical signs f Peterson 20081. Panels of experts {AAFP 2006; AAHA 20061 agree that protocols must be customized for each facility, recognizing that no universal protocol will apply to every shelter situation. Guiding principles for core vaccination in shelters, that are generally applicable to most shelters, are available (AAFP 2009; AAHA 20061, Within this framework, specific vaccination protocols should be tailored for each program with the supervision of a veterinarian, taking into consideration risks and benefits of the vaccines, diseases endemic to the area, potential for exposure, and available resources Miller & Hurley 2004; Miller & Zawistowski 2004) Because risk of disease exposure is often high in shelters, animals must be vaccinated at or prior to intake with core vaccines. Pregnancy and mild illness are not contraindications to administering core vaccines in most shelter settings because the risk from virulent pathogens in on unvaccinated animal would be for greater than the relatively low risk of problems posed by vaccination {AAFP 2009; AAHA 2006; Larson 20091. Core vaccines for shelters currently include feline viral rhinoirachei6s, calicivirus, panleukopenio (FVRCP} for cats (AAFP Animals must be vaccinated at, or prior to, i'laa ze with core vaccines. 25 Grrideliucs for Stanrlrrds of Care in Animal Slycltow An emergency medical plan must be in place to provide appropriate and timely veterinary medical carer f r any animal who is injured, in distress, or showing signs of signi fcan t illness. 20091 and distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, and canine parvovirus (DHPP)/distemper, adenovirus 2, parvovirus, and parainfluenza virus (DA2f P) and Bordetello bronchiseptica for dogs IAAHA 2006). The use of modified live virus vaccines {MLV) is strongly recommended over killed products for core shelter vaccines in cats and dogs, including those that are pregnant, because they provide a faster immune response. Rabies vaccination on intake is not considered a priority in most shelters, as the risk of exposure to this disease is not high within most shelter environments. However, animals should be vaccinated against rabies when a long-term stay is anticipated; when risk of exposure is elevated; or when mandated by law. At minimum, animals should he vacoroted for rabies at or shortly following release. Shelters that house animals for extended periods of time have an obligation to ensure that vaccinations are repeated in accordance with shelter medicine recommendations (AAf P 2006; AAHA 2006). Re-vaccination as recommended for puppies and kittens until maternal antibody wanes. Puppies and kittens must be (e-vaccinated (DHPP and FVRCP, respectively) at 2-3-week intervals for the duration of their shelter stay or until they are over 18-20 weeks old. Shelters that do not vaccinate with core vaccines immediately on entry, or do not voccinate all animals, are much more likely to experience deadly outbreaks of vaccine preventable disease (Larson 2009). Protocols for managing adverse reactions must be provided by a veterinarian and required treatments must be accessible. Training on proper vaccine storage and administration, and treating reactions, should be supervised by a veterlnarian. The location for injection of a specific vaccine ji.e., rabies in the right rear leg} should follow administration site guidelines jAAFP 2006; AAHA 20061. Records of any immunizations provided while in the care of the shelter should be kept. 4. Emergency Medical Care An emergency medical plan must be in place to provide appropriate and timely veterinary medical care for any animal who is injured, in distress, or showing signs of significant illness (AAEF 2004; CFA 2009; CVMA 2009; FASS 19991. Staff should be trained to recognize conditions that require emergency care- The emergency care plan must ensure that animals can receive proper veterinary medical care and pain management promptly (either on site or through transfer to another facility) or be humanely euthanized by qualified personnel as permitted by law. 5. Pain Management Shelters often care for animals with acute or chronically painful medical conditions. The American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists jACVA) defines pain as a complex phenomenon involving pothophysiological and psychological components that are frequently difficult to recognize and interpret in animals (ACVA 20061. Pain must be recognized and treated to alleviate suffering. Unrelieved pain can result in chronic physical manifestations such as weight loss, muscle breakdown, increased blood pressure and a prolonged recovery from illness or injury jRoberison 2002). Fariy pain management is essential. Failure to provide Ireatment for pain is unacceptable, Recognizing and alleviating pain in a wide variety of species can be complex and difficult (Paul-Murphy 2004). Individual animals have varying reactions to stimuli and may manifest a variety of clinical and behavioral signs (ACVA 2006). Although there are multiple scales and scoring systems published for gouging animal pain, few have been validated and there is no accepted gold standard system for assessing pain in animals (IVAPM 2005). However, it is generally assumed that if a procedure is painful in human beings then it most also be painful in animals {ACVA 2006; APHIS 1997b). It is the shelter's responsibility to combine findings from physical examination, familiarity with species and breed, individual behavior, and knowledge of the 26 A4eclicral Health and P15juicral IY/ell beiiT degree of pain associated with particular surgical procedures, injuries and/or illnesses in order to assess pain. Pharmacologic and non-pharrnocologic approaches to the treatment of pain are evolving; in either case, treatmenl should be supervised by a veterinarian. Analgesia must be of an opproprate strength and duration to relieve pain. Nan-phormacologic {e.g., massage, physical therapy) approaches that help increase comforl and ofeviate anxiety can be used to supplement pharmacologic interventions. When pain can be anticipated, analgesia should be provided beforehand (preemptivel. Animals must be reassessed periodically to provide ongoing pain relief as needed. When adequate relief cannot be achieved, transfer to a facility that can meet the animal's needs, or humane euthanasia must be provided. 6. Parasit(- Control Many animals entering shelters are infected with internal and extemal parasites jBowman 20091. Though not always clinically apparent, parasites can be easily transmitted, cause significant disease and suffering, persist in the environment, and pose a risk to public health {CAPC 2008; CDC 2009}. Shelters have a responsibility to reduce risk of parasite transmission to humans and onimols. An effective parasite control program should be designed with the supervision of a veterinarian. Animals should receive treatment for internal and external parasites common to the region and for any obvious detrimental parasite infection they are harboring. Treatment and prevention schedules should be guided by porosite lifecycles and surveillance testing to identify internal and external parasites that may be prevalent in the population. Ideally, animals should receive parasite prevention on entry and regularly throughout their shelter stay to prevent environmental contamination and minimize risk to people in the shelter. At minimum, because of the public health significance, all dogs and cats must be de-wormed for roundworms and hookworms before leaving the shelter. Because many parasite eggs are very difficult to eradicate from the environment, prompt removal of feces, proper sanitation, and treatment as described above are important steps to help ensure that individual, environmental, or population level porasiiism does not threaten the health of onimals or humans. 7e Monitoring and Daily Rounds Rounds must be conducted at least once every 24 hours by a trained individual in order to visually observe and monitor the health and well-being of every animal. Monitoring should include food and water consumption, urination, defecation, attitude, behavior, ambulation, and signs of illness or other problems {CFA 2009; New Zealand 2007; UC Davis 2009). Monitoring should take place before cleaning so that food intake and condition of the enclosure as well as any feces, urine, or vomit can be noted. For animals housed in groups, monitoring should also take place during feeding time, so that appetite (food intakel or conflicts around food may be observed. Any animal that is observed to be experiencing pain; suffering or distress; rapidly deteriorating health; fife-threoiening problems; or suspect zoonotic medical conditions must be assessed and appropriately managed in a timely manner {AAUP 2004; CDA 2009; CFA 2009; New Zealand 2007). When apparently healthy animols remain in care for longer than 1 month, exams including weight and body condition score should be performed and recorded by trained staff on at least a monthly basis. Veterinary examinations should be performed twice each year or more frequently if problems are identified. Geriatric, ill, or debilitated animals should be evaluated by a veterinarian as needed for appropriate case management. There are many examples of health conditions that require ongoing assessment and management including, but not limited to, dental conditions, reiraviral infections, endocrine imbalances, and basic appetite/weight changes. In addition, animals must be provided with appropriate grooming Medical rounds must be conducted at least daily by a trained individual in order to visuallj, observe and monitor the health and well-being- of every animal. 27 Guideliires for Standarclr of Ca7v in /lnhmil Shelters Food that is consistent with the nutritional needs and health status of the individual animal must be provided. Animals who guard food or prevent access by cage mutes must be horsed or fed separately. and/or opportunities to exhibit species-specific behaviors necessary for them to maintain normal healthy skin and haircoot or feathers [CDA 2009; CFA 2009; New Zealand 19981. Dirty, ungroomed or matted haircoats are uncomfortable, predispose animals to skin disease, and in extreme cases can lead to severe suffering. Appropriate grooming and/or bathing is an essential component of animal health and should never be considered cosmetic or optional. Nutrition Fresh, clean water and proper food are basic nutritional requirements for physical health. Fresh, clean water must be accessible to animals at all times unless there is a medical reason for water to be withheld for a prescribed period of time. Water should be changed daily and whenever it is visibly soiled. Food thot is consistent with the nutritional needs and health status of the individual animal must also be provided. The amount and frequency of feeding varies depending on life stage, species, size, activity level, health status of the animal and the particular diet chosen. Food must be fresh, palatable, free from contamination and of sufficient nutritional value to meet the normal daily requirements to allow an animal to attain maximum development, maintain normal body weight, and rear healthy offspring. Food in animal enclosures should be examined regularly to ensure it is free of debris and not spoiled. At minimum, uneaten food must be discarded after 24 hours. Food that has been offered to an animal and remains uneaten must not be fed to another animal. Ideally, o consistent diet should be fed to all animals, rather Than a variety of products. Feeding a consistent diet minimizes gastrointestinal upset, stress, and inappetance associated with frequent diet change, and helps to ensure the product is fed in appropriate quoM[y. The feeding of raw food diets is not recommended in shelters because of concerns about bacterial or parasite contamination and public health risk ~CVMA 2006; Finley 2008, Lejeune 2001; Lenz 2009; Morley 20061. At minimum, healthy adult dogs and cats [over 6 months old) must be fed at least once per day (CDA 2009; CFA 20091. Ideally, dogs should be fed twice daily [New Zealand 1998}; cats should ideally be fed multiple small meals or encouraged to forage throughout the day (Vogt 20101. If food is not ovailable to cats all day, at minimum, they should be offered food twice daily. Healthy puppies and kittens must be fed small amounts frequently or have food constantly available through the day (freechoice) to support higher metabolic rates and help prevent life-threatening fluctuations in their blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia). Debilitated, underweight, pregnant, and lactating animals should receive more frequent feedings to support increased metabolic needs. Veterinary input should be sought when developing a feeding protocol for a population of animals, or when treating starved animals or individuals with unique nutritional and health needs. Food intake must be monitored daily. Animals should be weighed and body condition assessed routinely. Animals have highly variable metabolic requirements [Lewis 1987). Each animal should be fed to meet individual needs and prevent excessive gain or loss of body weight. Animals displaying inappetence, or extreme weight loss or gain must be evaluated by a veterinarian and treated as necessary, Food and water must be provided in appropriate dishes, which should be designed and placed to give each onimal in the primary enclosure access to sufficient food and water. Food and water dishes must be safe, sufficient in number, and of adequate size. When more than one animal is housed in on enclosure, careful monitoring and grouping to match animals with similar nutritional needs are essential. Animals who guard food or prevent access by cage mates must be housed or fed separately. location of food and water containers should also allow easy observation, access for cleaning and filling and should prevent contamination from litter, feces, and urine. If automatic devices or drinking bottles ore used, they should be examined daily to 28 Mv(lical [Icalth and Pl))aical Mill-GcitrT ensure proper function and cleanliness and must be disinfected between users. Ofd food creates a health hazard by spoilage and/ or attraction of pests. Food distributed to animals that remains uneaten within 24 hours must be removed and discarded to prevent spoilage. A schedule of regular sanitation must be followed for oll food and water containers. Food preparation and storage areas must be easily sanitized and maintained in a clean condition. Supplies of food should be stored in a manner to prevent spoilage or contamination. Refrigeration is needed for perishable foods. Food should not be fed after the expiration dote. Factors such as exposure to heat or air may also decrease shelf life. Toxic substances and vermin should be kept out of contact with food, food storage, and preparation areas IAAEP 20040. Stored food should be clearly labeled if removed from the original package. 9. Population Well-bung individual animal health and overall population health are interdependent. Without one the other cannot exist in most shelter settings. Shelter medical staff must therefore regularly monitor the status of individual animals and the population as a whole to allow for early detection of problems and prompt intervention. Ideally, shelters should also monitor and assess frequency of specific problems le.g., upper respiratory infections, parvovirusesl set realistic goals, develop targeted st(ategies, and monitor the effectiveness of medical health programs, ultimately leading to better overall population management and individual animal welfare. This type of surveillance will also facilitate early recognition and reporting of problems, accurate diagnosis, effective interventions, and data collection. Animal health plans must be reviewed in response to changes observed in onirnal health, illness or deaths. In addition to tracking trends related to specific health problems, a periodic review of the rate of illness (morbidity) or deaths (mortality) should be conducted. Shelter deaths are often indicators of rising levels of infectious diseases le.g., parvovirus or upper respiratory infection; URI) which require a response by the shelter. Shelter deaths after entry, not related to euthanasia, should never represent more than a very small proportion of animal intakes. For example, statewide data for municipal animal control and public or private rescue groups and humane societies in Virginia for the years 2004-2007 indicate that <2% of cats and <I% of dogs received by those facilities were reported as having died in the shelter. (This information is published annually by the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Office of the State Veterinarian.) A survey of 11 open-intake animal shelters (including large, municipal shelters in communities such as Los Angeles and New York Cityf revealed an average "shelter death rate" Icalculated as number of dogs and cats that died in the shelter's care divided by total live dog and cat intake) of 0.75% (range 0.18-1 .61 %l (HSUS 2007). Numbers in excess of this indicate a situation requiring immediate measures for control. 10. Response to Disease or Illness Response to disease and illness must be an integral part of every shelter health program. A disease response plan should include measures to minimize transmission to unaffected animals or people and ensure appropriate care of the affected animal lHurley 2009). Because of the wide variety of pathogens, modes of transmission, and types of facilities, no single response can suit every circumstance (ASV position statement on infectious disease outbreak management, 2008). )See section on Public Health for more information on prevention of disease tronsmission.1 a) Isolation All facilities should have a means of providing isolation that will allow for humane care and not put other animals at risk (CDA 2009}. Isolation may be accomplished physically on-site or through transfer to an appropriate facility. When isolation is impossible, or inadequate to control transmission 29 Gi delirres fnr Swnd ar'ds of Care h7 z afiwal Shelters of the particular pathogen, the shelter must carefully weigh the consequences of exposure of the general population against euthanasia. Allowing animals with severe infectious disease to remain in the general population is unacceptable. Even animals with mild clinical signs of contagious disease should not be housed in the general population as doing so creates a substantial risk of widespread disease transmission. b) Diagnosis Failure to provide In the evens of severe or unusual conditions, or treatment for pain outbreaks of infectious disease, diagnosis or is unacceptable, identification of specific pathogens should be sought. Initially, a clinical or working diagnosis, as determined by a veterinarian, may provide the basis for treatment and response. When a specific pathogen has not been identified, a risk assessment must be performed based on the suspected pathogens and the number of animals who have been in contact with the infected animals. During a disease outbreak, physical separation must be established between exposed, at-risk and unexposed animals or groups ofanimals. Animals with a suspected infectious disease must be isolated until diagnosis or subsequent treatment determines them to be a low risk to the general population. When an animal dies from unexplained causes, ❑ necropsy along with hisiopothology should be performed to provide information to protect the health of the rest of the population. Protocols to clefine and manage common illnesses based on clinical signs should be developed and used in consultation with a veterinarian. Protocols should detail the expected course of disease and response to treatment. Veterinary input should be sought when disease or response to treatment does not follow expected course. C) Outbreak Response During an outbreak, physical separation must be established between exposed, at-risk and unexposed animals or groups of animals. In some circumstances, it may be necessary to stop intake or adoptions in order to prevent disease spread. In other circumstances, a properly set up isolation room may suffice to control the spread of disease. Ideally, animal movement should stop until a targeted control strategy can be implemented. Animal handling and foot traffic should be limited. In response to an outbreak, protocals {vaccination, sanitation, movement, etc.) should be reviewed to ensure that measures are effective shelterwide against the pathogens of concern. Animals should be monitored for signs of disease during an outbreak at least twice daily. Shelters should avoid returning recovered or exposed animals to the general population while there is signiffcant risk they may transmit disease to other animals. When releasing a sick or infectious animal from the shelter, full disclosure should be made to the person or organization receiving the animal. Shelters must also take core that all federal, state, and local laws are followed concerning reportable diseases. Although rarely the only option, depopulation is one means of response to a disease outbreak. Before depopulation is undertaken, many factors including Iransmission, morbidity, mortality, and public health must be taken into account. All other avenues must be fully examined and depopulation viewed as a last resort {ASV position statement on infectious disease outbreak monagernent, 2008). 11 o Medical Treatment of Shelter Animals Treatment decisions should be based upon a number of criteria such as the ability to safely and humanely provide relief, prognosis for recovery, the likelihood of placement after treatment, and the number of animals who must be treated. Duration of treatment expected, expense and resources availoble for treatment should also be considered. The legal status of the animal must never prevent treatment to relieve suffering [which may include euthanasia if suffering cannot be alleviatedl. Shelters must have specific protocols to provide immediate care when legal status is an issue. 30 Meelic al Health and Pl)y5ical Moll-beiarg Decisions must balance both the best interest of medication, developed in consultation with a Allowing" animals the individual animals requiring treatment and the veterinarian, for management of common diseases 1ULth severe shelter population as o whole. When treatment is should be provided to staff. All treatments should be hift'ctious disease needed, shelters are responsible for the safety of documented. to re7s ahl in the the animals, the people working with the animals, general population and the surrounding environment. Effective and safe The use of antimicrobials in smelter populations is unacceptable, use of medication requires a reasonably certain warrants special mention. Bacteria are capable diagnosis, proper administration, and monitoring of developing resistonce to certain drugs. In some the course of disease so that success or failure can cases, they are able to pass this resistance to other be determined. Those providing treatment must have bacteria, including those that cause infections in the necessary troining, skills, and resources to ensure both animals and people. To prevent antimicro6iol treatment is administered correcily and safely. resistance from developing, it is vital to limit antimicrobial use to those situations where these Shelters should also have clear policies for handling drugs are clearly indicated (AAHA /AAFP 2006; disease problems that may develop after adoption. AVMA 2008b). Antibiotic selection and dosing Adopters or those taking animals from the shelter should be specific to the infection and animal being should be informed about the presence of any treated; and, when possible, based on appropriate disease or condition known to be present at the time diagnostics. Inappropriate use of antibiotics is not of adoption and provided a copy of any treatment a substitute for good preventive medical care. records. Guidelines for antimicrobial use in companion animals have been published and these principles Professional supervision is required for use of should also be applied to the shelter setting (AAHA/ all prescription drugs, controlled and off label AAFP 2006; AVMA 20086). medication (FDA 2009a, 2009b). Protocols for 31 Guidelines for Stand o-ds of Giro in Aniwal Shelters Behavioral Health and Mental Well-being Staff must be trained to recognize animal stress, pain, and suffering as well as successful adaptation to the shelter environment. Good health and well-being depend on meeting both the mental and behavioral needs, as well as the physical needs, of animals (Griffin 2009a; Jenkins 1997; McMillan 2000, 2002; Wells 2004a; Wojciechoska 2005)_ Individual animals have a wide variety of psychological needs that are determined by such factors as species, genetic makeup, personality, prior socialization and experience. Behavioral core must take the perspective of each individual animal inla consideration as well as the conditions experienced by the population (Griffin 2009a; McMillan 2000, 2002; Wojciechosko 2005), The structural and social environment, as well as opportunities for cognitive and physical activity, are important for all species of animals (ILAR 1996). An opproprbte environment includes shelter and a comfortable resting area, in which animals are free from fear and distress and have the ability la express normal, species typical behaviors. Lack of control over one's environment is one of the most profound stressors for animals. The stress induced by even short-term confinement in an animal shelter can compromise health; and when confined long-term, animals frequently suffer due to chronic anxiety, social isolation, inadequate mental stimulation and lack of physical exercise (Fox 1965; Griffin 2009a, 2006; Hennessy 1997; Palronek 2001; Stephen 2005; Tuber 1999; Wemelsfelder 20051. Proper behavioral healthcare is essential to reduce stress and suffering as well as to detect problem behaviors that may pose o safety risk to humans or other animals. Stress and the development of abnormal behaviors are exacerbated when opportunities for coping {e.g., hiding, seeking social companionship, mental stimulation or aerobic exercise} are lacking. Behavior problems compromise health and welfare as well as potential for adoption (Griffin 2009a}. 1. Considerations on Intake a) Behavioral History A thorough behavioral history and the reasonjsj for relinquishment should be obtained at the time of intake. Any available information should be solicited when stray animals are impounded as well. Ideally, this information should be obtained by interview, although written questionnaires are acceptable. The history should be used to alert staff to the presence of potential problems, such as aggression or anxiety, and to inform staff of any individual needs, so that proper care can be provided for that animal (Griffin 2009a). Shelters should be aware that histories provided, although important, may be either incomplete or inaccurate. For example, some problem behaviors such as aggression may be under reported or under stated (Marder 2005; Segurson 2005; Stephen 2007). All incidents or reports of a history of aggressive behavior along with the context in which they occurred must be recorded as port of an animal's record. b) Minimizing Stress Animals experience a variety of stressors in shelters, beginning with the intake process (Coppola 2006, 1997; Griffin 2009a; Hennessey 19971. Care must be taken to minimize stress during this crucial time in order to minimize problems, which may delay or even prevent acclimation or adjustment to the shelter environment and prolong or intensify anxiety and mental suffering (Grandin 2004). During intake procedures, particular care should be taken not to ploce cats within spaliai, visual or auditory range of dogs (Griffin 2009a, 20096; McCobb 2005). 2e Behavior Evaluation Assessment of an animal's behavior must begin at the time of intake. just as care is taken to note any physical problems that may require attention, behavioral problems (stress, fear, anxiety, oggression} that require intervention or affect how that animal can be safely handled should also be noted at the time of 32 F3chaviowl tyealtb and Mental 1t l-beinSr intake and entered into an animal's record, Actions should be taken to respond promptly to behovioral needs (Griffin 2009a). Ongoing assessment of each animal's behavior should continue throughout the animal's stay in the shelter. Manifestations of normal and abnormal behavior indicate how successfully an animal is coping in their environment (Fox 1965; Griffin 2002, 2009a, 2006; Houpt 1985; McMillan 2002; Overall 1997, 2005). Therefore, staff must be trained to recognize body language and other behaviors that indicate animal stress, pain, and suffering as wek as those that indicate successful adaptation to the shelter environment. When animals are well adjusted and their behavioral needs are satisfied, they display a wide variety of normal behaviors including a good appetite and activity level, sociability, grooming, appropriate play behavior and restful sleeping. Behavioral indicators of stress, social conflict, pain or other suffering, include persistent hiding, hostile interactions with other animals, reduced activity or appetite, depression and/or social withdrawal, barrier frustration or aggression, stereotypic behaviors (e.g., repetitive spinning, jumping or pacingl or other abnormal behaviors (Fox 1965; Griffin 2002, 2006, 2009a; Houpt 1985; McMillan 2002; Overall 1997, 20051. The needs of individual animals will vary. Animals must be monitored daily in order to detect trends or changes in well-being and respond to their behavioral needs. Staff should record their findings each day (Griffin 2009a; UC Davis 2009), Departures from the normal behavior and appearance of on animal may also be an indication that the animal is in pain (ACVA 2006). When pain or suffering is recognized in animals, it is imperative that prompt, appropriate steps be taken to alleviate it. (See section on Medical Health and Physical Well-being for additional information on pain management.) Some individual shelter animals may experience severe stress that is difficult to alleviate even with optimal practices. However, if many animals are displaying signs of unrelieved stress, steps must be taken to improve the shelter's stress reduction protocols. For humane reasons, long-term confinement must be avoided for feral animals and for those who remain markedly stressed/fearful and are not responding to treatment/behavioral core (Griffin 2009b; Kessler 1999a, 1999b). Ideally, a systematic behavioral evaluation should be performed on all animals prior to re-homing or other placement (Griffin 2009al. Some evaluations hove been peer-reviewed, commonly accepted, studied and/or published, but none is scientifically validated for predicting future behavior in the home with certainly. However, information gleaned during such testing level of activity and arousal) may be useful for characterizing the animal's personality, determining behavioral needs in the shelter, matching animals with appropriate adopters and identifying individual animals who may not be suitable for re- homing or other placement (Animal Rescue League of Boston 2010; Bollen 2008; Christensen 2007; Hetts 2000; Griffin 2009a; Ledger 1995; Ledger 1997; Netto 1997; Neidhart 2002; Sternberg 2003; Van der borg 1991 Organizations that develop their own evaluation should do so in consultafion with a veterinarian or behaviorist familiar with the science and theory of behavior assessment. Staff performing evaluations must receive adequate training in performance, interpretation, and safety. A standardized behavior examination form should be used and each evaluation should be documented. Formal behavioral evaluation should not necessarily invalidote information provided by the owner or observations made during staff interactions with an animal. An overall assessment must include all of the information (history, behavior during shelter stay, and formal evaluation) gathered about the animal. Criteria for a systematic behavioral evaluation of cats are less well established than for dogs (Siegford 20031. However, cats should be assessed by observing behavior, and interacting with the cat to help enhance in-shelter care (e.g„ recognition 33 Gui~lcliraes fnr Srrrrx~iarrs of Care in Arrzrn~rl Shelters Enrichment should be given the same slgnl flcance as other components of animal care and should not be considered optional. of shy, stressed, fearful, poorly socialized or feral cats) and help guide appropriate placement (Griffin 2009x, 2009b, 2006; Lowe 20011. 3. In-shelter Care of Environment Enclosures Appropriate housing that meets the behavioral needs of the animals minimizes stress (Griffin 2006, 2002; Hawthorne 1995, Hubrecht 2002; Loveridge 1994, 1995, 1998; McCune 1995x; Overall 2005, 1997; Rochlitz 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005). Even short-term housing must meet the minimum behavioral needs of animals, providing separate areas for urination/defecation, feeding and resting and sufficient space to stand and walk several steps, and sit or lie at full body length. (See section on Facilities for guidelines for animal housing.) Separation Beginning at the time of admission, separation of animals by species is essential to provide for their behavioral needs as well as proper health and welfare jGriffin 2009al, Prey species (e g., birds, guineo-pigs, hamsters, gerbils, robbitsl should be housed away from predatory species {e.g., ferrets, cats, dogsl at all times (Quesenberry 2003). 11 is extremely stressful for them to be housed in an area where they are subjected to olfactory, auditory, and visual contact with predatory species. Because cots moy be profoundly stressed by the presence and sound of dogs barking, they should be physically separated from the sight and sound of dogs (Griffin 2009a, 2009b; McCobb 2005). Novel environments tend to be especially stressful for shy, poorly socialized, feral and geriatric cats and dogs (Dybdall 2007; Griffin 2009b; Hiby 2006; Patronek 2001). Ideally, these animals, or any animal that is showing signs of stress, should be housed in separate, calm, quiet areas beginning at intake. Even moving an animal to a quieter location within the same ward may prove beneficial. 6) Daily Routine Regular doily schedules of care should be followed because the stress from husbandry is increased when it is unpredictable and may even resull in chronic fear and anxiety (Carlstead 1993; Griffin 2002, 2006, 2009a). Conversely, when stressful events are predictable, animals may experience calm and comfort between stress responses lMcMillon 20021. Animals also respond to positive experiences in their daily routines. Feeding and playtime may be greatly anticipated, Thus scheduling positive daily events should be a priority (Giffin 2002, 2006, 2009al. Lights should be turned off at night and on during daytime hours (Griffin 2002) to support animals' natural circadian rhythms. Irregular patterns OF continuous light or darkness are inherently stressful. c) Enrichment and Socialization Enrichment refers to a process for improving the environment and behavioral care of confined animals within the context of their behavioral needs. The purpose of enrichment is to reduce stress and improve well-being by providing physical and mental stimulation, encouraging species-typical behaviors {e.g., chewing for dogs and rodents, scratching for cats), and allowing animals more control over their environment. Successful enrichment programs prevent the development and display of abnormal behavior and provide for the psychological well- being of the animals. Enrichment should be given the same significance as other components of animal care, such as nutrition and veterinary care, and should not be considered optional jILAR 19961. At a minimum, animals must be provided regular social contact, mental stimulation and physical activity {ILAR 1996}. For some animals, social needs may be partially fulfilled through interaction with members of the same species. Interactions with People Regular positive daily social interactions with humons are essential for both dogs and cots {with the exception of feral animals) jCoppola 2006; Crowell- Davis 1997; 2004; Griffin 2006; Hennessy 1998, 2002; Helts 1992; Hubrecht 34 Behaviowl health and Mental Wlell-being 1992, 1993; Tuber 1996, 1999). These interactions are crucial for stress reduction and are a powerful form of enrichment (Coppola 2006; Hennessy 1998, 2002; Iletis 1992; Hubrechl 1992, 1993; McMillan 2002; Tuber 1996). Ideally, caregivers should be assigned to care for the some animals on a regular basis, so that the caregivers become aware of the behaviors of each individual animal and the animols become accustomed to the individual caregiver {Griffin 2002, 2006, 2009al. Performance of daily husbandry is not a means to provide for the social needs of animals. Animals should receive some type of positive social interaction outside of the activities of feeding and cleaning on a daily basis le.g., walking, playing, grooming, petting, etc.). This is especially important for animals housed long-term. For animals housed short-term and with unknown health backgrounds, social interaction must be balanced with infectious disease control. When animals must remain confined for health or behavioral reasons, positive social interaction still should be provided withoul removing the animal from the enclosure. For puppies and kittens less than 4 months ofd, proper socialization is essential for normal behavioral development. Without daily handling and positive exposure to a variety of novel stimuli, animals may develop chronic fear and anxiety or suffer from the inability to adjusl normally to their environments (Griffin 2006; Lowe 2001; McCune 1995b; McMillan 2002). For these reasons, a high priority muss be placed on ensuring proper socialization of young puppies and kittens. This may be best accomplished outside of the shelter (e.g., in foster care) (Griffin 2006; McMillan 2002; Reisner 1994). For puppies and kittens housed in a shelter, socialization must be balanced with infectious disease control. Sociolization should be provided by workers or volunteers wearing clean protective clothing in an environment that can be fully disinfected between uses. Training programs for dogs and cats (e.g., to condition or teach basic obedience commands or Iricksl also serve as an important source of stimulation and social contact {Griffin 2009x; Laule 2003; Thorn 2006]. For dogs, such training has been shown to increase chances for re-homing lLeuscher 2008). Training methods must be based primarily on positive reinforcement in accordance with current professional guidelines (APDT 2003; AVSAB 2007; Delta Society 2001). Behavioral Considerations for Long-term Shelter Stays For long-term shelter stays, appropriate levels of additional enrichment must be provided on a daily basis. (See section on How to Use This Document for discussion of long-term stay.) Long-term confinement of any animal, including feral or aggressive animals, who cannot be provided with basic care, daily enrichment and exercise without inducing stress, is unacceptable. Alternatives to troditional cage housing (e.g., large enriched cages, home or office foster care, room housingl must be provided for any animal staying in a shelter long term. Cats most be allowed an opportunity to exercise and explore in a secure, enriched selling. Similarly, dogs must be provided with daily opportunities for octivity outside of their runs for aerobic exercise (Griffin 2009a; Loveridge 19981. Exercise may be stimuloled through interoctive games such as fetch or via supervised playgroups with other dogs. For both cats and dogs, rooms with a home-like environment may also be used to provide enrichment and stress reduction. Precautions, as described in other sections, should be taken to ensure that disease transmission arid stress are minimized. Long-term coil finernen.t o f any animal, including feral or aggressive animals, who cannot be provided with basic care, daily enrichment and exercise without inducing stress, is unacceptable. Any animal that is observed to be experiencing mental suffering, distress or behavioral deterioration must be assessed and appropriately treated in a timely manner or humanely euthanized. Just as a severe or rapid decline in an animal's physical health conslitutes an emergency situation and Alternatives to traditional cage housing must be provided for any animal staying in a shelter long terra, 35 Gitirlelirres for Standards of Caw in Anin al Aelter•s The use of physical force as punishment or use offorce in anger is an unacceptable means of behavior modification; these methods are potentially harmful to the animal and dangerous for the staff Reproductive stress from estrous cycling and sex drive can decrease appetite, increase urine spraying, marking and fighting, and profoundly increase social and emotional stress. For these reasons, animals who are housed long-term should be spayed or neutered as the rapid decline in spraying, marking, and fighting and the elimination of heat behavior and pregnancy will greatly mitigate animal stress (Hart 1973, 1997; Johnston 19911. This also serves to facilitate group housing and participation in supervised playgroups for exercise and social enrichment. requires an urgent response, so do such changes in played of conlrolled volumes or certain aromas the behavioral or mental health of an onimol. {such as chamomile or lavender) (Grahom 2005a). Animals may also benefit from visual stimulation and Other Types of Enrichment Enrichment should also he provided for animals while in their enclosures Through opportunities for play {e.g., toys or human interaction). Feeding enrichment is another important source of stimulation and can be easily accomplished by hiding food in commercially available food puzzle toys, cardboard boxes, or similar items with holes such Ihal the animal has to work to extract pieces of food (Griffin 2006, 2009x; Schipper 2008; Shepherdson 19931. Feeding enrichment has also been shown to increase activity level and reduce barking behavior (Schipper 2008). Other farms of mental and sensory stimulation le.g., olfactory, visual, auditory, tactile and pheromone) are additional and important ways of providing enrichment (Graham 2005a, 2005b, Griffith 2000; De Monte 1997; Tod 2005; Wells 2004a, 2004b}. For example, cats benefit from the provision of scratching posts; dogs benefit from the provision of items to chew and may also benefit from classical music (Wells 20021 the ability to observe their surroundings (Ellis 20081. Cl) Behavioral Modification Behavior modification is an individualized treatment strategy designed to change an animal's behavior. Practices must adhere to the well-descr&d scientific principles of animal behavior and learning including positive reinforcement, operant conditioning, systemallc desensitization and counter- conditioning (AVSAB 20071. In some cases, the use of medications, prescribed by a veterinarian, in combination with behavior modification techniques, may be required. The use of physical force as punishment or use of force in anger is an unacceptable means of behavior modification; these methods are potentially harmful to the animal and dangerous for the staff. (AVSAB 2007; Hutchinson 1977; Patronek 2001). Descriptions of unacceptable disciplinary techniques are available (Blew Zealand 1998; AHA 2001; CVMA 20041. Sufficient resources (e.g., trained staff, time for behavioral treatment, adequate housing and working space) must be available to provide appropriate care if behavioral modification is attempted. The techniques required are generally labor-intensive and limeconsuming and must be applied consistently over a period of time in order to be successful. Attempting behavior modification with aggressive animals poses concerns due to safety and liability risks; animals believed to be dangerous should not be re-homed (Bollen 2008; Crowell- Davis 2008; Phillips 2009). 36 G itp ICorrshT Group Housing The purpose of group housing in shelters is to provide animals with healthy social contact and companionship with other animals in order to enhance their welfare. In the context of this document, group housing refers to playgroups as well as group housing two or more animals in the some primary enclosure. Group housing requires appropriate facilities and careful selection and monitoring of animals by trained staff. This form of social contact is not appropriate for all individuals. 1. Risks and Benefits of Group Horsing There are both risks and benefits to group housing. napproprioiely used group housing creates physical risks of infectious disease exposure and injury or death from fighting. It also creates stress, fear, and anxiety in some members of the group. Group housing makes monitoring of individual animals more difficult, resulting in failure to detect problems or inadequate access to necessities like food and water for some animals. Staff safety may also be compromised when animals are housed in groups as it is generally more difficult to manage more than one animal in an enclosure. However, appropriately planned groupings for housing or play can be acceptable, and may even be desirable, when tailored to individual animals (Griffin 2002, 2006; Gourkow 2001; Kessler 1999b; Mertens 1996; Overall 1997; Rochlitz 1998}. Benefits of group housing include opportunities for positive interaction with other animals including play, companionship, physical connection, and socialization. Group housing can be used to provide a more enriched and varied environment. 2. Facilities Fssenral physical features of a facility to support planned group housing include adequate size of the primary endosure; multiple feeding stations and resting areas; and adequate space, for urination and defecation. Adequate size of group housing is imperative to allow animals to maintain adequate social distances. For group housing of cats, a variety of elevated resting perches and hiding places most be provided to increase the size and complexity of the living space (Dowling 2003; Griffin 2006; Overall 1997; RochIiIz 1998). A minimum of 18 square feet per cat has been recommended for group housing {Kessler 1999b). Although no minimum has been recommended for dogs, for all species the size should be large enough to allow animals to express a variety of normal behaviors. jSee section an Facilities for more information on primary enclosures.} Sufficient resources (e.g., food, water, bedding, litterboxes, toys) must be provided to prevent competition or resource guarding and ensure access by all animals. 3. Selection Both group housing and playgroups require careful selection and monitoring of animals by staff or volunteers trained to recognize subtle signs of stress and prevent negative interactions (e.g., guarding food or other resourcesj. Selection considerations include separation by age, behavioral assessment prior to grouping, and prevention of infectious disease through screening, vaccination and parasite control. Random grouping of animals in shelters is an unacceptable practice. Animals must not be housed in the some enclosure simply because they arrived on the same day or because individual kennel space is insufficient. Unrelated or unfamiliar animals must not be combined in groups or pairs until after a health and behavior evaluation is performed; animals should be approprialely matched for age, sex, health, and behavioral compatibility. Unfamiliar animals should not be placed in group housing until sufficient time has been given to respond to core vaccines. Intact animals of breeding age should not be group housed (Hickman 1994). If group housing is utilized short-term for intacl animals, they must be separated by gender. Sexually mature dogs and cats should be spayed/neutered and ollowed sufficient recovery time prior to group housing Animals who are not socialized to other animals as well as those who actively bully other animals must Animals must not be housed in the same enclosure simple because they arrived on the same daY or because individual kennel space is insufficient. Options f r individual housing must be available for animals when co-housing is not appropriate. 37 Guidelines fbr° St riadecrels of Gi)c in Anl'M l Sbeltei-s Random grouping of an imals in shelters is an unacceptable practice. Grouping animals who fight with one another is unacceptable. not be grouped with other animals (Kessler 1999a; Overall 1997). Grouping animals who fight with one another is unacceptable. Allowing animals to fight is cruel and onimols who have engaged in fighting with one another must not be grouped together. Caution must be used when attempting to include any animal with a history of fighting in a group. Smaller groups are preferable to allow effective monitoring and reduced risk of conflict cis well as decreased infectious disease transmission. Ideally, a group size of 10-12 should not be exceeded for cats (Dowling 2003; Griffin 2006; Rochlitz 2005). For the safety of dogs as well as coregivers, dogs should be combined in even smoller groups le.g., no more than 4-6 dogs}. The addition of new animals always results in o period of stress for the group. If there is constant turnover {animals joining and leaving) within the group, animals may remain stressed indefinitely. For these reasons, turnover within groups should be minimized. Because of their susceptibility to infectious disease, puppies and kittens under 20 weeks of age sf,auld not be group housed unless they ore littermates. Single, unrelated puppies or kittens may be group housed for socialization purposes if they muss stay in the shelter long-term or if the risk from lack of social interaction Is greater than that for infectious disease Wher) placing single orphaned kittens and puppies with an alternate mother, with or without a litter, risks and benefits to health and behavior for all animals must be weighed. Even for littermates, all requirements for group housing must be met. 4, When Group Mousing is Inappropriate options for individual housing must be available for anirrials when group housing is not appropriate. For some animals, even group housing with familiar animals can be detrimental. Single enriched housing must be provided for animals who are fearful or aggressive towards other animals, are stressed by the presence of other animals, require individual monitoring, or are ill and require treatment that cannot be provided in group housing {Kessler 1999a; Griffin 20061. Because it may take days to weeks to acclimate to a group environment, enriched individual housing is preferable when a shorter stay is anticipated [Griffin 2009a)- 38 Aifini l Ifrn f.fling Animal Handling Handling must always be as humane as possible end appropriate for the individual animal and situation. The minimal amount of physical restraint needed to accomplish the task without injury to people or animals should be used. Humane handling requires an appraisal of each animal's behavior, adequate numbers of properly trained stoff, suitable equipment [hot is readily available and in good working condition, appropriate choice of location for procedures, personal protection such as gloves or push boards, and judicious use of tranquilizers (Fowler 1995; Griffin 20061. 1. Restraint When physical restraint is necessary to avoid human injury or injury to an animal, it should be of the least intensity and duration necessary. Animals often respond best to gentle restraint and react negatively when "over-restrained" ]Griffin 2006). Research indicates that gentle human contact has the additional benefit of mitigating the adverse effects of unpleasant stimuli ]McMillan 2002). Resistance to handling and restraint is almost always the result of fear or anxiety, which are compounded when force is used. Overly forceful handling is more likely to result in increased fear and aggressive behavior, and injury to animals and people (AVSAB 2007; Blackwell 2008; Hutchison 1977}. Adequate training is key to limiting the use of unnecessary force during handling and must be provided to anyone who will be handling animals. Judicious use of tranquilizers can be the most humane option for handling a frightened, fractious, or feral animal. II is unacceptable to use physical force as punishment or to use force in anger (AVSAB 2007; Patronek 2001 2. Location and Tiring Selection of a calm, private, quiet environment, and allowing time for animals to acclimate prior to handling can help minimize stress and may reduce the amount of restraint required ]ASV position statement on euthanasia 20101 Handling methods should prevent escape. Even when animals remain confined within a room, recapture is stressful- When the animal does not need urgent intervention, delaying a procedure to allow that animal time to relax in a quiet environment before handling is the best option (Fowler 1995; Griffin 2006, 2009a; Haug 20071. 3. Equipment Each situation should be evaluated individually and each piece of equipment should be assessed for its potential to cause harm or increase stress. Even appropriate equipment may be inhumane or unsafe if not maintained in good working condition. Techniques or equipment suitable for one situation may be inappropriate for another. For example, although catch poles {also known as control or rabies poles] can be effective for handling large dogs, they should only be used when other more gentle alternatives cannot be used. The use of catch poles for routine restraint of cats, including carrying or lifting, is inhumane and poses significant risk of injury to the animal; therefore they must not be used for such purposes (Griffin 2006; HSL1S 19961. Humane traps, purpose-designed boxes or nets should be used for handling fractious cats, or cats who appear unaccustomed to handling. Cages or crates that do not provide easy access for humanely removing an unwilling, frightened, or reluctant animal, either because of design constraints, damage to the cage or crate, or corrosion of the fasteners, should be avoided. 4. Feral Cats Appropriate procedures for handling and minimizing stress in feral cats have been described (Griffin 2009b; Levy 2004; Slater 20011. For example, when capturing or transporting feral cats, squeeze cages, feral cat boxes, or humane box traps with dividers should be used for the most humane restraint and for administering tranquilizing injections prior to handling. Adequate training is key to limiting the use of unnecessary force and must be provided to anyone who will be handling animals. The use of catch poles for routine restraint of cats is inhumane and poses signi frcant risk of isajarry to the anL717aj 39 Grridcrlirres foi~,Stuiela)ds of Craw in Aninyal.Shelters Euthanasia When performing euthanasia in a shelter, each individual animal must be treated with respect. The identity of each animal to be euthanized must be determined with certainty beforehand Any agent or method that is unacceptable according to the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia is also unacceptable for use in shelters. When performing euthanasia individual animal must be trF (AVMA 2007}. A veterinarian with appropriate training and expertise for the species involved should be consulted to ensure that proper procedures are used. Any euihanasia method used in a shelter must quickly induce loss of consciousness followed by death, while ensuring the death is as free from pain, distress, anxiety, or apprehension as possible. The euthanasia method must be reliable, irreversible and compatible with the species, age and health status of the animal (AVMA 2007). Any agent or method that is unacceptable according to the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia is also unacceptable for use in shelters. The identity of each animal to be euthonized must be determined with certainty beforehand, including scanning multiple times for a microchip using a universal scanner (Lord 20081 and verifying that the animal is properly designated for the procedure. An assessment must be made of each animal's size, weight and temperament so the appropriate drug dose, needle and syringe size as well as restraint method can be used. Safety of the personnel and the emotional impact of euthanasia most be considered. Procedures should be in place to prevent and address compassion fatigue throughout the organization, as compassion fatigue and burnout can be serious problems for all shelter personnel, not just those performing the actual procedures. 1. Euthanasia Technique The most humane methods used for euthanasia of shelter animals are intravenous (IVI or intraperitoneal (IP) injection of a sodium pentobarbital solution. n)ection techniques, routes of administration, dosages and methods to verify death vary by age, size, weight, condition and species of animal, inducing birds and reptiles. When euthanizing dogs and cats in a shelter, IP injections of a pure sodium pentobarbital ([Fee of addiiional drugs or additives} solution should be used only for cats, kittens, and small puppies. Animals given IP injections should be placed in quiet, dark, confined areas or held in a shelter, each and monitored to ensure a smooth transition into ated with respect unconsciousness because excitement reactions and delayed unconsciousness ore not uncommon with this route (Fakkema 2009; Rhoades 2002). In dogs and cats, oral dosing of sodium pentobarbital should be reserved for use in animals who cannot be safely approached, trapped or handled (Rhoades 2002)_ The time to reach unconsciousness may be prolonged with oral dosing; the drug is not always fatal when administered orally; and completion of euthanasia may require a subsequent injection of sodium peniobarbiiol (Rhoades 2002). Regardless of the route of administration, whenever progression to death is prolonged, an additional injection of sodium pentobarbital should be given. Sodium pentobarbital must not be injected by any non- vascular route (e.g., subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intrathoracic, intrapulmonary, intrahepotic, or intrarenalj other than the IP route discussed above, as these routes are associated with pain and distress. Intro-cardiac injections are unacceptable unless it has been reliably verified that the animal is unconscious, comatose or anesthetized (i.e., lack of deep pain/toe withdrawal reflex). To avoid causing undue stress and anxiety, the least amount of physical restraint necessary to perform the procedures safely must be used. Pro-euthanasia drugs should be administered to animals who are aggressive, severely distressed or frightened. The most appropriate pre-outhanasia drugs are anesthetics: a common and cost effective combination is a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (Fakkemo 20091. Acepromazine is not recommended as a sole tranquilizer prior to euthanasia because it provides no analgesia and has unpredictable effects. Xylazine, when used alone, may induce vomiting which can be a welfare concern especially when muzzles are used. Veterinary guidance should be used for selection of pre-euthanasia drugs. a) Carbon monoxide The use of carbon monoxide as a method of euthanizing dogs and cots in shelters is unacceptable 40 L1111rrrwtsia due to multiple humane, operational and safety concerns (ASV position slaterment on euthanasia, 2010; NACA 20101. As mentioned previously, an acceptable method of euthanosio must be quick and painless, and should not cause distress. Any gas Il,al is inhaled must reach a certain concentration in the lungs before it can be affective jAVMA 2007). The high gas flow rates necessary to achieve the recommended concentration of 6% can result in noise levels that frighten animals. Placing multiple animals in a chamber may frighten and distress the animals and dilute the effective concentration of carbon monoxide that each animal receives, creating a haphozard euthanasia experience that can be prolonged, painful and ineffective. Agents inducing convulsions prior to loss of consciousness are unacceptable for euthanasia jAVMA 2007). Carbon monoxide stimulates motor centers in the brain and loss of consciousness may be accompanied by convulsions and muscular spasms {AVMA 2007}. One 1983 study of the effects of a 6% concentration of carbon monoxide on dogs could not establish the precise time that loss of consciousness occurred, and dogs were observed to be vocalizing and agitated jCholifoux 1983). Carbon monoxide is extremely hazardous to human henlih because it is toxic, odorless and tasteless; it also has the potential to cause an explosion at high concentrations (AVMA 2007; NIOSH 20041. The death of at least one shelter worker using carbon monoxide has been documented (Rhoades 2002; Gilbert 2000; I-1SUS 2009b; NIOSH 20041. Chronic exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide can also cause serious human health problems (AVMA 20071. Use of carbon monoxide cannot be justified as a means to save money, take shortcuts, or distance staff emotionally and physically from the euthanasia process. Studies hove shown that carbon monoxide is actually more expensive than euthanasia by injection IFakkema 2009; Rhoades 2002). It takes longer than euthanasia by injection and has not been shown to provide emotional benefits for staff. Some shelter workers have reported being distressed by hearing animals vocalizing, scratching and howling in the chamber, and by having to repeat the process when animals survived the first procedure, b) Verification of Death Death must be verified by multiple methods by trained staff before any animal's body is disposed. This is true even if the animal is not euthanizecl but presumed la be dead when found. After the animal loses consciousness, the absence of the following should be confirmed: pupillary and corneal reflexes; toe withdrawal; pulse; respiration; and heartbeat. Because lack of a palpable pulse does not confirm that the heart has stopped, cardiac standslill must be confirmed with a stethoscope or visual verification. One method of visual verification is to insert a needle and syringe into the heart to observe for lack of cardiac movement. This method has the advantage of providing visual verification of cardiac standstill and access to the circulatory system should additional euthanasia solution need to be administered. Another certain method of verifying death is by the presence of rigor mortis. Failure to use multiple methods may result in a failure to recognize a coma-like state that animals may emerge from several hours after having been presumed dead. 2. Environment and Equipment A separate room should be designated for euthanasia in a quiet area away from the main pattern of foot traffic to minimize distractions and interruptions. The room should have adequate lighting and be large enough to comfortably accommodate the equipment, two to three staff members, and the animal being authorized. In order to prevent distractions and assure a smooth, dignified, and safe operation, only the people directly involved in euthanasia should be in the room when procedures are being performed. It is important that the euthanasia room is properly equipped in order for a safe and humane procedure to take place. This equipment must include a table Iratra-cardiac injections are unacceptable unless it has beefy reliably veri fred that the animal is unconscious, comatose or anesthetized The use of carbon monoxide as a method of euthanizing clogs and cats in shelters is unacceptable clue to multiple humane, operational, and safety concerns. dI Gtri&lines ftr Stan,,bo-th of'Care in Anfrrral Shelters that can be readily disinfected, good light source, a universal microchip scanner, hair clippers, stethoscope, a variety of needles and syringes, tourniquets, muzzles, and restraint equipment. Scales for accurate weighing should also be available. A new needle should be used for each animal; multiple uses blunt the needle and cause pain (Rhoades 20021. The euthanasia surface should be cleaned before every procedure. The euthanasia room and equipment should be cleaned and disinfected after every euthanasia period. Staff performing euthanasia should wear protective garments, which must be removed before going on to other animal care activities. Animals should not be permitted to observe or hear the euthanasia of another animal, nor permitted to view the bodies of dead animals. Puppies and kittens with their mothers are an exception. When selected for euthanasia, mother animals should be euthanized prior to their offspring so that they will not be distressed at being separated from their iiiter, or by seeing the puppies or kittens dead. The puppies and kittens should be euthanized immediately following the mother {Sinclair 2004). 3. Record Keeping and Controlled Substances A record log to document each animal's identification, amount of euthanasia soloon and pre-euthanasia drugs received, dispensed and remaining as well as the identity of the person performing the procedure must be kept. All drug records must be maintained in accordance with federal, state and local regulations, including Drug Enforcement Administration IDEA) regulations. All controlled IDEA Schedule) drugs must be kept secured in a manner consistent with state and federal regulation. 4, Staff Training Alf staff participating in euthanasia must be provided with the proper training. Ideally, those who administer drugs should be certified and trained by a licensed veterinarian, a certified or licensed veterinary technician, or a certified euthanasia technician or trainer. Regulations stipulating who may provide training or supervise euthanasia vary from state to state and may vary regionally; shelters are required to act in accordance with stale and federal regulations. Euthanasia training in specific techniques must include the ability to access alternative injection sites, handle various species, assess behavior and temperament for proper animal handling and verify death by multiple methods. Training for field euthanasia should also be provided. The euthanasia technician and the assisting staff must be proficient in animal handling and restraint in order to avoid creating a stressful situation for the animals as well as the staff performing the procedures. Retraining and recertification should be provided periodically, with support services offered to staff to prevent or manage suffering from grief, compassion fatigue, depression or other physical and emotional reactions related to performing the procedures. 42 S1 aylnertter Spay and neutering Animal shelters should require that cats and dogs who are adopted into homes be spayed ar neutered {AVMA 2009; Looney 2008; Kustritz 2007). Consideration must be given to individual animal health or circumstances that would create the need for an exception. Surgical sterilization (spay"ing or neutering) prior to release to adopters, including kittens and puppies as young as 6 weeks aid, remains the most reliable and effective meons of preventing unwanted reproduction of cats and dogs and decreasing their birthrates (AVMA 2009a; AVMA 20091b; Looney 2008; Kustritz 20071. When prompt, pre-placement surgery is not available and other spaying or neutering programs {e.g., vouchers) are implemented, these programs should include on effective method of fallow-up to confirm that the surgery has been completed. Allowing shelter animals to breed is unacceptable. Spaying or neutering cats and dogs awaiting adoption for more than a few weeks is strongly recommended as the rapid decline in spraying, marking, and fighting and the elimination of heat behavior and pregnancy, which can be expected following spaying or neutering (Hart 1973, 1997; Johnston 1991), will reduce animal stress {Griffin 2009c}. 1. Veterinary Medical Guidelines Detailed guidelines for spaying or neutering programs have been published (Looney 2008}. Spaying or neutering surgery must be performed by veterinarians or veterinary students under the direct supervision of a veterinorion in compliance with all legal requirements (AAHA 2008; AVMA 2008; Looney 2008}. Medical records must be prepared for every patient indicating the surgical procedure and anesthesia administered. All controlled substances must be maintained in accordance with DFA requirements. A veterinarian must make the final decision regarding acceptance of any patient for surgery based on physical examination and medical history (if available) as well as the capacity of the surgery schedule (Looney 2008). Patients undergoing elective surgery should be in good health and free from signs of infectious or other disease. However, veterinarians must weigh the risks and benefits of spaying and neutering patients with mild infectious or non-infectious medical conditions in the context of the animal shelter, where future opportunities for that animal to receive care may not be available and the alternative outcome may be euthanasia. Although some conditions may increase the ris' of complications, the benefits of neutering likely outweigh these risks in an animal shelter. Cats and dogs who are pregnant, in estrus, or have pyometra, as well as those with mild upper respiratory disease, can be solely spayed or neutered in most cases {Appel 2004; looney 2008). 2. Surgery and Anesthesia Appropriate housing must be provided for each animal before and after surgery (Looney 20081. Enclosures must be secure and provide a flat surface that is clean, dry and warm with adequate space for the animal to turn around, while allowing for safety at various stages of sedation and anesthesia and good visibility by the staff. Animals who are feral or difficult to handle should be housed in enclosures that allow for administration of anesthetics without extensive handling, and they should be returned to their enclosures when adequately recovered but prior to becoming alert (Griffin 2009c; Looney 2008). ldeally, dogs and cats should be housed in separate areas. While surgery is being performed, the operating area must be dedicated to surgery and contain the necessary equipment for anesthesia and monitoring. Infectious disease control must be practiced to prevent transmission among patients (Looney 2008). Aseptic surgical technique is required and separate stenle instruments must be used for each patient. Balanced anesthetic protocols that include sedation, the provision of pre and post-operative analgesia, stress reduction, muscle relaxation and controlled, reversible loss of consciousness, Animal shelters should require that cats and dogs who are adopted into horses he spayed or neutered. A veterinarian must make the fl nal decision regarding acceptance of airy patient for sulg'ely 43 Guidelines foa• Standards of Care in Anhn al SGclters Allowing shelter are required (AAHA/AAFP 200/; ACVA 2009; animaa to breed I'S Looney 20081. Patients must be monitored by unacceptable. trained personnel (ACVA 2009; Looney 2008}. In addition, plans must be in place to handle any emergency that might occur. In the postoperative period, care must be taken to provide patients with a smooth lransitbr from the onesthelized state (Griffin 2009c; Looney 2008). Patients must be evaluated immediately prior to release and clear irstruclbns (written and verbal} for postoperative core must be provided. Finally, policies for managing complications and emergencies that occur within the 48-hour period after surgery must be in place (Griffin 2009c; Looney 2008). 34 Identifying Neutered Animals The use of a permanent tattoo is strongly recommended io mark cats and dogs al the time of spaying or neutering surgery (Griffin 2009c; Looney 2008). Removal of the lip of one of the ears (or pinno) is the accepted global slandord for marking or identifying a neutered free-roaming or feral cat (Griffin 2001 ; Looney 2008) A certificate of spaying or neutering, or other appropriate documentation, shoufd be provided for each animal. 44 Aninial l ivltspot•t Animal Transport Animal shelters may be involved in transport of animals locally, regionally or internationally, The term "animal transport" is typically used to apply to programs in which animals are transferred over some distance from one organizaflon or individual to another. However, the recommendations in this section should apply regardless of the purpose, distances or parties involved, as careful management and planning are always required to ensure animals' comfort end safety and minimize risk of disease transmission. For many animals, animal transport is a life soving measure, but it also poses risks. Animal transport programs have the potential to spread infectious diseases along animal transport corridors and to new destinations. The stress of transport may increase susceptibility to infection or increase viral shedding. Risk of exposure to infectious disease is increased when animals who originate from multiple sources are transported in the some vehicle. In addition to affecting the individual animals transported, transportation programs may impact other animals at the source and receiving shelters in both positive and negative ways. Therefore, risks and benefits for all animals affected by a transport program must be carefully weighed. Reasonable care and precautions help minimize the risk, and well planned transport programs can be very successful. These standards ore not intended to apply to disaster situations in which sudden large-stole evacuations are necessary, Fxceptions may be necessary for transport in emergency situations, where short-term compromises may have to be made; however, pre- planning for potential disasters is recommended to minimize deviation from accepted transport practices. Compromises should not be made when there is ample opportunity to plan. 1. Responsibilities of Participating Individuals and Organization a) General Clear, direct, communication is essential among those involved in any transport program. A written record of all involved parties, including responsibilities for each, should be kept in sufficient detail to allow a trace back to the animal's origins. A contact person must be identified at each transfer point. Ideally, written guidelines that all parties can agree to should be developed (HSUS 2003; PetSmart 20061. Guidelines should address medical and behavioral selection criteria, as well as transportation and destination requirements. For interstate transport, current rabies vaccination is an import requirement for dogs in all states in the United States. The majority of states also require rabies vaccination for cats. A valid Certificate of Veterinary Inspection health certificatel is also required by most states. 11 is recommended that transporters become familiar with the import requirements for all destinations, which, for states in the United States, are usually regulated by the state Departments of Agriculture and/or Health. Although airline requirements are not legal requirements many airlines have specific requirements for animal passengers. b) Responsibilities at Point of Origin The shelter where the animals originate should ideally have a comprehensive preventive healthcare program. Animals destined for transport must be vaccinated prior to or upon intake at the organization of origin and should be treated for internal and external parasites. In addition to any examinations required by state or federal transportation regulations, all animals being transported must be examined within 24 hours of transport for any problems. Animals' health and behavior, as known at the source shelter, must be accurately described and communicated. Risks and benefits for all animals affected by a transport program mast be carefully weighed, Clear, direct, communication is essential among those involved in any transport prograny. 45 Guidelines for Standards of Cam in rlrrintal Shelters Animals in transport must be observed periodically and allowed to rest, exercise, and urinate and defecate at least every 4-6 hours. Clearly written health records that describe health status and identify animals )health certificate, rabies certificate and copy of shelter record) must accompany each animal, Animals should be identified by a collar, tag, tattoo, microchip, or any combination of These methods so that their information can 6e matched upon arrival. In order to minimize the risk of infectious disease and optimize welfare, animals should be in good health at the time of t(ansport. However, transportation of animals with illness can be justified when lifesaving resources, such as medical care and placement opportunities, are available at the destination and when measures can be taken during transport to provide for their comfort, health, and safety. c) Responsibilities During Transport Primary Enclosure and Occupancy The Live Animal Regulations jLAR) issued and maintained by the International Air Transport Association {IATA) and the Animal Welfare Act do not directly apply to surface transport of shelter animals but they are excellent references for animal transportation. Many of the recommendations below are derived from these regulations. During transport, animals most have adequate space, comfortable environmental conditions, and good air quality. Additionally, drivers should be careful to avoid subjecting animals to sudden acceleration and deceleration stresses, or excessive lateral movement lcorneringj, noise or vibration. Primary enclosures must be large enough for animals to stand and sit erect, to turn around normally while standing, and to lie in a natural position. Unfamiliar animals must not be transported together in the same primary enclosure. If more than one animal is in the primary enclosure, there must be enough space for each occupant to lie down comfortably at the same time without needing to lie on top of each other. The enclosure must be sturdy and permit adequate ventilation. There should be no sharp edges. Flooring must prevent injury, discomfort, and leakage of fluids into other enclosures. Absorbent bedding should be provided. Animals must be safely and securely confined within the enclosure. Doors on primary enclosures must be secured to prevent accidental opening. Primary enclosures must be secured to prevent movement within the vehicle during transport. Due to increased vulnerability, extra care must be provided when Iransparting puppies and kittens including: prevention of exposure to temperature extremes; maintenance of adequate hydration and nutrition; and protection from infectious disease exposure during the transport process. Unless orphaned, kittens or puppies less than 8 weeks old should be transported with the mother in a space large enough for her to lie down on her side with legs extended for comfort and to facilitate nursing. Transporting animals under 8 weeks old across state lines is prohibited by some state laws. Animals should not be sedated unless recommended by a veterinarian becouse this can make Ihern more vulnerable to hypothermia, dehydration, and injury. If animals are sedated, veterinary guidance must be provided for their care, Vehicles Vehicles must, at minimum, adhere to all federal or local statutes, recognizing that these regulations may not be sufficient to ensure animal safety and welfare. Crates and cages must not be stacked upon each other in a manner ihoi increases animal stress and discomfort, compromises ventilation, allows waste material to fall from the cage above into Ike cage below, interferes with care and observation, or hinders emergency removal. Each primary enclosure must be positioned in the animal cargo space in a manner that provides protection from the weather and extremes of temperature. As in stationary facilities, the ambient temperature should be kept above 60°F j]5J'C), and below 80°F j26.6°C) jAVMA 2008a). A thermometer should be placed in the animal area of the vehicle at the level of the animals (NFHS 201 Q. 46 A)aiwal l;anspor-t Fresh air free of vehicle exhaust fumes must also be ensured ICDA 20091. The vehicle, including the cargo space, should be heated and cooled when necessary to provide for normal thermoregulation (CDA 20091. Placing unconfined or tethered animals in the back of on open pickup truck for transport is unacceptable and illegal in many jurisdictions. Particular attention must be paid to provision of shade, as a vehicle parked in full sun, even in comfortable temperatures, can rapidly exceed safe temperature levels. Transporter Responsibilities The vehicle driver or animal attendant must have sufficient training in animal health, welfare and safety issues to recognize and respond to animal needs during transport. Although no federal regulations exist to limit the distance of travel for companion animals, risk to animal health and welfare increase with the length of the journey. For example, the Federal 28 Hour law requires that, for every 28 hours of interstate travel, oll livestock be provided at least 5 hours of rest during which they must be off loaded and given food and water (US Code Title 49 Chapter 805}. All dogs and cats must be observed and allowed to rest every 4-6 hours (NFHS 20101. In addition, adult dogs must be allowed to exercise and eliminate every 4-6 hours. The AWA requires the driver or animal attendant to observe dogs and cats cis often as circumstances allow, but not less than once every 4 hours (USDA/APHIS Section 3.90 Care in transitl. Maximum transport time to an intermediate or final destination shelter should be no more than 12 hours {NFHS 20101. Animals should not be left unattended when it may be detrimental to their health and safely. Food must be provided at least every 24 hours for adults and more frequently for animals under 6 months old. Caregivers are charged with providing for the individual nutritional needs of the onimols. Because of increased physical stresses, requirements for food and water may be increased during transport, compared to normal nutritional needs. If water is not available at all times it must be provided at frequent (at least every 4 hours) observation stops. Animal enclosures must be cleaned and any litter replaced as often as necessary to prevent soiling of the animals (e.g., vomit, urine or feces). If it becomes necessary to remove the animals in order to clean, safeguards must be in place to ensure animal safety and prevent escape. d) Responsibilities at Destination Points of destination must have enough trained personnel ready to receive and evaluate animals upon arrival at the destination facility. Each animal should receive a documented physical examination at the time of arrival. Veterinary care should be available on arrival for any animal requiring core. The facility must have adequate housing prepared for the arriving animals. The need for isolation or quarantine of arriving animals should be determined based on legal requirements, their health status, source, and infectious disease risk, with due attention to incubation periods for pathogens of concern end detrimental effects of increasing length of stay in the shelter. Placing unconfined or tethered animals in the hack of ran open pickup truck fir transport Es unacceptable and is also illegal in many jurisdictions. 47 Guidelines for St wda)rls of Care in Aruirral Sllelteas Public Health Noise abatement materials sbould be utilized in animal bolding areas, and hearing protection must be provided for employees working in loud environments. it is essential that animal shelters take necessary precautions to protect the health and safety of animals, people and the environment in the shelter as well as in the community. An organization's mission should never be achieved at the expense of public health and safety, Animal shelters must maintain compliance with federal and state occupational and safety regulations regarding chemical, biological, and physical hazards in the workplace. Organizations such as Centers for Disease Control (CDC), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health {NIOSHi) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA} produce guidance documents for developing a health and safety program (OSHA Fact Sheet Job Safety and Health"), and for hazard specific issues that may be relevant to shelters such as chemical safety (OSHA Assistance for Cleaning Industry), waste anesthetic gas exposure (OSHA Safely and Health Topics), shorps disposal [needles, scalpels, and other sharp objects' (CDC "Workbook for... Shorps Safely"), latex allergy prevention INIOSH Publication No. 98-113, NIOSH Publication No. 97-1351, asthma prevention in animal handlers INIOSH Publicalion No. 97-1161, and noise exposure (OSHA Occupational noise exposure; NIOSH Publication No. 96-1 101. Exposure to excessive noise barking, slamming cage doors, compressors or other equipment may lead to irreversible hearing loss; this risk is often under-recognized. Sound levels in some animal shelters regularly exceed 100 db (Sales 1994, creating a health and welfare issue for both the animals and the employees (NIOSH Report No. 2006-0212-3035; NIOSH Report No. 2007- 0068-3042). Noise abatement materials should be utilized in animal holding areas, and hearing protection must be provided for employees working in loud environments. (See section on Facilities for information on controlling noise levels.) Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, smocks, goggles, masks, etc. must be provided by the employer in order to protect employees from exposure to chemical and biological agents (OSHA Personal protective equipment}. PPE must be available in sizes to accommodate all staff, including those with special concerns such as latex allergies. Selection of appropriate PPE will be site- and taskspecific (CDC Guidance for the Selection and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Healthcare Settings 2004); therefore a hazard analysis is recommended as part of a health and safety program. Employees and volunteers should wear gloves and change them frequently while cleaning and disinfecting, especially when removing animal waste. Eye protection should be worn when working with cleaning or disinfection agents (NIOSH Report No. 2007-0068-30421. Frequent hand-washing should be strongly encouraged, especially after handling animals and after removing PPF. Hands should also be washed before eating, smoking or touching eyes or mucus membranes (e.g applying contact lenses). Ideally, hand washing stations or sinks should be easily accessible to all visitors, staff and volunteers because hand-washing is the best way to protect people and animals in the shelter from possible disease transmission (CDC 2010). Smoking should not be allowed in animal shelters because of the risk of fire and documented health hazards to humans and animals associated with second-hand smoke IRlef 1998; Roza 20071. 1 a Zoonoses Zoonolic diseases are defined as those that can be transmitted from animals to people. All people are at risk of infection by zoonotic agents, but those who are immune-compromised are at increased risk. Many people may not be aware of their compromised immune status. Immunity may be weakened due to age, disease, pregnancy, or medical treatment. 48 1'rrblLc Tlealth The infectious disease surveillance and control recommendations to prevent animal-io-animal transmission discussed in the section on Medical Health and Physical Well-being will also aid in the prevention of disease transmission to humans. Reliable information on specific zoonotic diseases can be found on several websites (CDC 2009; ISU Center for Food Security and Public Health Zoonoses Resources 2010; Seattle and King County Zoonotic Disease Program 20101. Shelters should provide periodic staff and volunteer training and information on the recognition of potentially zoonotic conditions and the means of protecting others from exposure. Training should also identify to whom concerns should be reported and how to respond when zoonotic diseose is suspected or confirmed. Ideally, the written infection control plan for the shelter should address zoonotic concerns and be available to all staff and volunteers: a model plan for veterinary hospitals has been published (NASPHV 2008a). Reporting to state human or animal health authorities is required for some diseases (e.g., rabies, anthrax, tularemia, and brucellosis). !t is each shelter's responsibility to know which animal diseases are reportable. A list can be obtained from the state veterinarian; information on animal diseases of interest to public health can be obtained from the state public health veterinarian or state epidemiologist. The public should not have unsupervised access to areas where anima€s are isolated for zoonotic conditions; staff access to those areas should be limited. Enclosures of animals with suspected zoonotic disease must be clearly marked to indicate the condition and any necessary precautions. Shelters should instilute good preventive medicine protocols such as prophylactic cleworming and external parasite control to decrease the patential for exposure to zoonotic pathogens (CAPC 2008). Food and drink should not be consumed in areas where animals are housed, and use of items the public may bring in, such as spill-proof cups, pacifiers, teething toys, and baby bottles should be discouraged in these areas {NASPHV 2009). To further reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission, animals should not be allowed in areas where food is prepared or consumed (NASPHV 2009). Informofon about zoonotic diseases should be made available to visitors, adopters and foster- care providers. As a person's immune status is privileged medical information the question should not be asked; signage and literature can be used to communicate the increased risk of zoonotic disease for persons who are immune-compromised. Literature should suggest that immune-compromised adapters discuss pet selection with healthcare professionals before adoption. If inquiries are made, shelter staff should refer people to published guidelines or their healthcare provider fCDC 2009; PAWS 2006). 2. Animal-Related Injuries Each year millions of people are bitten, scratched or otherwise injured by companion animals. While estimates vary widely, researchers agree that bite occurrences are underreported and animal bites represent a significant threat to public health (Patronek 2009). Fewer bites ore reported from cats than from dogs; however, a much higher percentage of cat bites become infected compared to dog bites lGarcia 1997). Bile and scratch infections can become quite severe, even if tissue trauma appears minimal, and may even be fatal. It is impossible to predict which injuries will lead to serious infection. Therefore, all persons injured by an animal should seek medical advice. Rabies is a fatal disease that is present in all of the states except Hawaii, and is prevalent in many parts of the world. Shelter staff must be able to identify potential rabies exposures and understand the regulations that apply to reporting and managing bites to humans and animals. To identify possible rabies exposures, all persons presenting an animal must be asked if the animal has bitten anyone within the last 10 days or had any recent contact with wildlife. All incoming animals should be examined for bile wounds; animals who have potentially 49 Gui~lelirres for 5tandrrrzls of (,'are in Animal Sherlre~s Horsing that rewires dogs to be removed by use of a control pole or cats to be removed using nets or tongs for daily cleaning and care is unacceptable; alternative housing must be provided for those animals. A thorough investigation of "individual circumstances must be undertaken before consideration is given to re-homing an 11 animal with a bistory of biting or threatening behavior. been exposed to rabies should be managed in accordance with the NASPHV Rabies Compendium and in consultation with state and local health authorities (NASPHV 2008b). Due to a higher risk of exposure, persons who routinely work with companion animals or wildlife should receive pre-exposure vaccinations against rabies in accordance with recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunizalion Practices (CDC 2008). To help control animal rabies in the community, animal shelters should vaccinate for rabies prior to adoption whenever possible or require that adopted animals receive vaccinations against rabies after adoption jNASPHV 2008b). In order to prevent bites and other animal-associated injuries, all staff and volunteers should hove proper training in basic animal handling skills, including the recognition of potentially dangerous behaviors. Clear policies must be developed and enforced regarding the management of animals with behavioral concerns. The cages of animals known to be aggressive or potentially dangerous must be clearly marked to advise caution. These animals should be housed such that staff members can safely provide care without removing the animal from the primary enclosure (e.g., double- sided guillotine-separated runs, feral cal boxes). Housing that requires dogs to be removed by use of a control pole or cats to be removed using nets or tongs for daily cleaning and care is unacceptable; alternative housing double-sided cages or feral cat boxes) most be provided for those animals. The public should be prevented from having contact with potentially dangerous animals. Access to areas where potentially dangerous animals are held should be restricted; a staff member should accompany visitors when access is necessary. Animals believed to be dangerous should not be re-homed. A thorough investigation of individual circumstances must be undertaken before consideration is given to re-homing an animal wilh a history of biting or lhrealening behavior. Those with questionable behavior should be thoroughly assessed by persons with training and experience in animal behavior. All behavioral concerns should be documented and discussed with potential owners before adoption; recommendations for management should also be provided. 3. Emerging Diseases and Anti-microbial Resistance Emerging and re-emerging diseases (e.g., canine fnfluenza virus and virulent systemic feline caficivirus} hove beer) recognized in shelters [Crawford 2005; Hurley 2004c; Schorr-Evans 20031. Since nearly 75% of emerging infectious diseases that affect humans are of animal origin (Taylor 2001), animal shelters should monitor for signs of unusual or severe disease. Early detection can play an important role in minimizing the impact of on emerging disease on both animal and human health. Caring for multiple species, housing animals from various locations, and frequent introduction of new in&viduols within a population can create a favorable environment for the mutation and spread of pathogens (Pesavenlo 2007). Separation of species, proper population management, and proper son4cition should be employed to reduce the risk of development of novel pathogens. The development and spread of antimicrobial resistance is a serious concern in animal shelters, Boclerla are capable of developing resistance to certain drugs. In some cases, this resistance can be passed on to other bacteria, including those that cause infections in bosh animals and people. One outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in a shelter caused 49 confirmed human illnesses, including 10 hospilalizalions (Hurley 2004b); outbreak response included closing the facility for a period of time. It should also be noted lhat methicillin-resistanl Staphylococcus oureus (MRSA), while primarily a human pathogen, can contaminate public environments and infect multiple animal species, including cals and dogs (Baptiste 2005; Weese 2005a, 2005b). Routine use of anlibiotics to prevent infection in healthy animals is unacceptable 50 Public Hcaltly aiul Loirclrr_roret and must never be used as a substitute for good animal health management [AAFP/AAHA 2006). [See section on Medical Health and Physical Conclusion The outhors hope that shelters and communities will look to this document to ensure that all animals in shelters everywhere are properly and humanely cared for, regardless of the shelter's mission or circumstance. The Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters are intended as o positive tool for shelters and communities to review animal care, Well-being for more information on medical Ireatrnent.[ identify areas That need improvement, allocate resources and implement solutions so welfare is optimized, euthanasia is minimized, and suffering is prevented. The ASV will review feedback to these recommendations and revise this document periodically as additional information becomes available. Routine use of antibiotics to prevent infection in healthy animals is unacceptable and must never be used as a substitute for° good animal bealth management. 51 Gi clelincs for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters References (All inlemel sites were accessed October 22, 20101 American Animal Hospital Associalion IAAHAI. AAHA canine vaccine guidelines, revised 2006. Available al: hifp://www.aahcir)el.org/PUbliCDOCUmenIS/ VaccineGuidelines06Revised. pdf American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA). 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Animal boredom: Understanding the lechum of confined lives, In: McMillan FD led). Menial Health and Wellbeing in Animals. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005; pp 79-91. Wielebnowski N. Stress and distress: evaluating their impact for the well-being of zoo animals, f Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:973-7. Wojocchowska J1, Howson Q. Quality of life assessment in pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:722--8. 62 Glossm)+ q f terins Glossary of terms Analgesic - medication to treat pain Animal Welfare Act - signed into low in 1966. It is the only Federal law in the United Slates That regulates the trealment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. It does not cover shelters Group-housing - placement of multiple animals in a primary enclosure Incubation period - the period of time from when an animal is first infected with a pathogen until clinical signs of illness first appear Antimicrobial - a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, or Infectious dose - the number of pathogens protozoas, as well as destroying viruses required to cause infection and disease Bioaetive - anything that has on effect on living Intake - the point of admittance of animals into tissue the shelter Circadian Rhythm - a 24-hour cycle in the life processes of animals, often used in reference to cycles of light and dorkness Cohort - a group that moves together Intraeardiac (IC) - administered directly into the heart Intramuscular (IM) - administered into the muscle Depopulation - to significantly reduce the Intraperitoneal (Ip) - administered into the number of animals in the shelter through euthanasia peritoneal cavity or abdomen Disinfection - a process that will kill most of the Intravenous (IV) - administered into a vein pathogens in a given area. In shelters a disinfectant is usually a chemical Inventory - number of animals in the shelter's Endotoxin- substances released by or port of certain bacterio, which can have toxic effects on people or animals care; census Isolation - a physically separate area of the shelter used to house and treat sick animals Enrichment - a process for meeting the behavioral needs of animals by improving their environment or behavioral care {e.g., toys, perches, beds, hiding places, etc.l Euthanasia to cause the death of an animal using humane techniques. For purposes of this document, humane euthanasia is accomplished with an intravenous or intraperiloneal injection of a solution of sodium pentobarbital Fomite - an object that may become contaminated and transmit pathogens from one animal to another le.g., hands, clothing, equipmentl Length of Stay - period of time an animal is under the shelter's care, from intake to exit Long-term - see "How to Use This Documeni" section Neuter - removal of the testicles in a male onimal Off-label use of a medication - use of a medication in any way not indicated by the manufacturer's label OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration; the federal agency charged with enforcement of safety and health legislation 63 Guidelines for Standards ol'Care in Aninuil Shchers Glossary of terms Pathogen - a biological agent That may cause disease or illness in an animal Primary enclosure - a restricted area designed to confine an animal such as a cage, run, kennel, stall, or pen. In most sheltering situations, this is where an animal eats, sleeps, and spends the majority of its time Quarantine - a separate area of the shelter used to observe animals for a specified period of time to see if they become sick Random mixing - haphazard placement of animals originating from different groups together Re-home - to adopt or place in a private home setting Rounds - a process of walking through [he shelter to visually observe and monitor the needs, status, health, and well-being of every animal Sanitation - procedures of cleaning and disinfection to remove dirt and control and destroy pathogens in the environment Socialization - a process of familiarizing animals with a variety of stimuli, including direct contact between animals and humans during [heir critical period of early development; may also refer to animals of any age spending lime with one another Spay - removal of the ovaries in female animals; may or may not include removal of the uterus Sterilization - destruction of all pathogens using heat or chemicals; also used in this document in the context of surgical sterilization le.g., spay or neuter} Stereotypic behaviors - repetitive behaviors exhihiied in the primary enclosure that usually indicate stress such as circling, leaping in the air, pacing Stressor - any factor that creates stress Subcutaneous (SC) - administered under the skin Surveillance - monitoring of a population to detect changes in health, behavior, or welfare Tethering -securing animals with a rope, chain or other device to a fixed point in order to restrict their movement Veterinary professional - a veterinarian, veterinary technician or veterinary student Veterinary supervision - a veterinarian watches over and provides guidance over designated tasks; may or may not involve daily involvement or on- site presence of the veterinarian Zoonotie - any infectious disease that can be tronsmitted from non-humon animols io humans 6;t x IL n of Shelter Veterinarians flu 'qlllllll0 Tacoma & Pi N erce County 2608 Center Street Tacoma WA 98409 July 27, 2011 Dear Council Members, 1 Paul Wolff Pumilia, M.D., AVHS President and Dr. Emily Purvis, DVM and several members of the Auburn community toured our facility in March and met with Deputy Director Denise McVicker and me as they developed a budget and operations plan to set up a non profit animal shelter to serve the citizens of Auburn. They have subsequently shared the draft of their contract proposal to provide sheltering and adoption services for Auburn. Having reviewed their projected budget and their contract proposal, it is our opinion that they have developed a realistic budget and have a good understanding of what is needed to operate a shelter. We have offered to assist in an advisory capacity as needed, and this has included reviewing their contract proposal. It is comparable to the contracts the Humane Society has with the City of Tacoma, Pierce County, Lakewood, Federal Way and University Place. Sincerely, Kathleen Olson Executive Director Humane Society for Tacoma & Pierce County (253) 284-5850 kathleeno thehurnanesociety.org AGENDA BILL APPROVAL FORM A DBURN F WA7 l I I NC;TON Agenda Subject: Date: Professional Services Agreement - Auburn Valle y Humane Society 8/17/11 Department: Attachments : Budget Impact: Human Resources Administrative Recommendation: City Council to adopt Resolution 4747 Background Summary: An agreement entered into between the City of A uburn and the Auburn Valley Humane Society to serve as the City's Animal Control Authority in the operation of an animal shelter. S0906-1 Reviewed by Council & Committees: Reviewed by Departments & Divisions: ❑ Arts Commission COUNCIL COMMITTEES: ❑ Building ❑ M&O ❑ Airport ® Finance ❑ Cemetery ❑ Mayor ❑ Hearing Examiner ® Municipal Serv. ❑ Finance ❑ Parks ❑ Human Services ❑ Planning & CD ❑ Fire ❑ Planning ❑ Park Board ❑ Public Works ❑ Legal ❑ Police ❑ Planning Comm. ❑ Other ❑ Public Works ❑ Human Resources ❑ Information Services Action: Committee Approval: ❑Yes ❑No Council Approval: ❑Yes ❑No Call for Public Hearing Referred to Until Tabled Until Councilmember: Backus Staff: Heineman Meeting Date: September 6, 2011 Item Number: AUBURN * MODE THAN YOU IMAGINED RESOLUTION NO. 4 7 4 7 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AUBURN, WASHINGTON, AUTHORIZING THE MAYOR AND CITY CLERK TO EXECUTE AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CITY OF AUBURN AND AUBURN VALLEY HUMANE SOCIETY (AVHS) FOR ANIMAL CONTROL SERVICES WHEREAS, the City of Auburn has a need for animal control services; and WHEREAS, the Auburn Valley Humane Society (AVHS) is able to provide those services at a cost that is acceptable to the City; and WHEREAS, it is in the public interest for the City to enter into an agreement with AVHS for animal control services. NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AUBURN, KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON, HEREBY RESOLVES as follows: Section 1. The Mayor and City Clerk are hereby authorized to execute an Agreement between the City of Auburn and Auburn Valley Humane Society for animal control services which agreement shall be in substantial conformity with the agreement attached hereto as Exhibit "A" and incorporated herein by this reference. Section 2. The Mayor is hereby authorized to implement such administrative procedures as may be necessary to carry out the directives of this legislation. Resolution No. 4747 August 17, 2011 Page 1 of 2 Section 3. This resolution shall be in full force and effect upon passage and signatures hereon. Dated and Signed this day of , 2011. CITY OF AUBURN PETER B. LEWIS, MAYOR ATTEST: Danielle E. Daskam, City Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: Daniel B. Heid, City Attorney Resolution No. 4747 August 17, 2011 Page 2 of 2 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CITY OF AUBURN AND THE AUBURN VALLEY HUMANE SOCIETY This Agreement ("Agreement") is entered into by and between the CITY OF AUBURN, a municipal corporation of the State of Washington (hereinafter referred to as the "City") and the AUBURN VALLEY HUMANE SOCIETY, a Washington nonprofit corporation, whose address is 4910 "A" Street SE, Auburn, Washington (hereinafter referred to as the "AVHS"). The City will maintain a database of pets licensed, owners, addresses and violations and this information shall be made available to AVHS, as requested, to the extent permitted by law. IL TERM OF AGREEMENT This Agreement shall commence on the day of , 2012, and shall expire on the 31st day of December, 2019. If AVHS is not then in default of this Agreement, AVHS shall have the right to an extension of the Agreement for an additional seven years under the same terms and conditions, except as otherwise mutually agreed upon. Provided, that the parties shall negotiate modifications to those fees and assessments contained in Article III of this Agreement, and any facility restorations, improvements, or upgrades that result from the evaluation of facility conditions, potential improvements or alterations, including agreement upon how such restorations, improvements, or upgrades shall be paid. Notification of AVHS's E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page I of 23 intent to exercise their right to renew this Agreement must be issued by the AVHS to the City by formal written notice, not later than one year prior to the expiration of the initial term of this Agreement. III. AVHS FEES The City Fees shall be paid to the AVHS by the City as follows: In return for services provided by AVHS , as described in this Agreement, the City shall pay to IV. OPERATIONS AND SERVICE A. The AVHS shall: Ir 'y 2. Keep the Shelter staffed and open for the purposes of receiving companion animals and allowing such animals to be redeemed during regular business hours (it is AVHS's intent to maintain at least 24 regular business hours per week depending on staffing and budgetary considerations); PROVIDED THAT AVHS shall establish and maintain 7-day per week, 24-hour per day access for City of Auburn Animal Control E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 2 of 23 Officers ("ACO(s)") to drop off companion animals or carcasses outside of normal shelter hours. It is understood that this does not include responsibility for care of sick or injured companion animals outside of normal Shelter hours. 3. Provide orientation and training to ACO(s) and other City staff regarding the Shelter and its admissions policies, practices and other AVHS operations as appropriate. 4. Maintain complete records of anit behalf of the City. The AVHS agrees to make i the City's inspection at as the City requests. TI and documents for inst assess performance, compliance shall include i Contract and i this Agreement. -eport, semi-annually to the City, which report work and services undertaken pursuant to this 8. Maintain a volunteer/foster care coordinator to encourage use of volunteers working at the Shelter and use of foster families to provide fostering/transitional care between Shelter and permanent homes for adoptable animals, thus reducing pet population in the Shelter. red and animals disposed of on of investigations available for within reason, such other data e City all work-related records ial business hours in order to E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 3 of 23 9. Maintain an animal placement specialist at the Shelter to provide for and manage adoption events and other activities leading to the placement of animals in appropriate homes. 10. One veterinarian and/or one veterinary technician will be scheduled to work at the Shelter, during normal business hours as defined in Section IV A 2, above. On days that the veterinary technician is working, a veterinarian will visit the Shelter to conduct necessary business and check on the condition of the Shelter. Veterinary services provided include animal examinations, treatment and minor procedures, spay/neuter and other surgeries for animals accepted by the shelter. 11. All adopted animals will be neutered 12. Dangerous animals will be confined as AVHS determines is appropriate/necessary. 13. Disaster/emergency preparedness for animals will be coordinated through the City's Office of Emergency Preparedness. 14. AVHS agrees to allow one City representative, appointed by the Mayor, to sit on, and be a voting member of its Board of Directors, subject to approval by AVHS pursuant to its bylaws. 15. AVHS shall retain all a collected from the public for animals acc( on, board, and other non-licensing fees into the Shelter. a1 operations plan which will include a )f AVHS activities, and which shall include intended for the following year to sell pet B. The AVHS shall establish all prices for services provided by AVHS in the Shelter, subject to the right of the City to periodically review the price schedules for all operations to ensure competitive pricing with other animal shelters. C. The AVHS may not subcontract all or any portion of the Shelter without City permission. D. All exterior signs and graphics placed upon or affixed to the Shelter shall be subject to the prior written approval of the City, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. The AVHS shall submit detailed plans and secure any needed permits/approvals for all exterior signs. In all cases, signage shall be consistent in size, color, lettering and theme to the Shelter design and regular City signage and specifications, and in accordance with all governmental regulations. E. The City agrees to do the following: E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 4 of 23 1. Review and set, after consulting with AVHS, the City fee schedule for licensing, to include late payments and fines. 2. Review and update all City codes involving animal services. 3. Provide the AVHS all licenses and licensing material for the City. In the areas listed below, the City re necessary, reasonable rules and regulation written notice to AVHS prior to imposing sl access or use less than thirt order for AV and duly cone final decision to minimize D RIGHTS ,nd shall have the right at any time to establish ded that the City shall give thirty (30) days mal control, zoning, and building codes. operations in C. Animal Control Services shall be the responsibility of the City and includes staffing and equipping animal services activities, the dispatch of ACO(s) in response to calls, and the handling of calls in the field by ACO(s), including the collection and delivery of animals to the Shelter. The AVHS will ensure that the shelter is available to the City ACO(s) 24 hours per day for stable animals that are not in need of emergency care. E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 5 of 23 VI. SECURITY SERVICES Any electronic security measures of the Shelter shall be the responsibility of the AVHS. VII. UTILITIES The AVHS shall pay for all utility charges. Utility charges include charges for water, sewer, electricity, Metro utility, natural gas, phone, data and garbage. The City shall provide physical infrastructure for phone and data lines to the Shelter. VIII. CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS A. The City shall provide the AVHS toward the completion of the tenant improvements as outlined in Exhibit "B." If the tenant improvements in Exhibit "B" exceed the City's contribution, the AVHS shall be responsible for any additional costs. Any tenant improvement listed combination enough mon to $176,000 City's future agreement. on of in Exhibit "B" or purchased from the City's shall become the property of the City Agreement. The AVHS shall not be required to remove or ons, fixtures, or tenant improvements identified in Exhibit ation of the Agreement. to meet prior to March 1, 2012 and review the status of 2. AVHS will provide, for the City's review, a formal business plan to include a description of on-going activities in support of AVHS activities, which shall include marketing, promotion, and support activities intended for the following year to sell pet licenses in cooperation with the City; fund raising plan; volunteer groups/organizational structure; animal adoption plan; animal rescue plan; and shelter E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 6 of 23 operations plan. These documents can be provided to the City earlier for review and comment. C. AVHS will hire a Director and have a formal governing board in place. F. All work performed shall be done to the satisfaction of the City. The AVHS shall be responsible for obtaining all governmental permits and meeting all code requirements and shall submit copies of the same to the City or its representative prior to commencing any construction on the Shelter. G. The City may conduct inspections o tself that such work is in accordance with ,h work is not according to plans as then of Non-Compliance to the AVHS. In th twenty (20) days after the AVHS's receipt ike whatever corrections necessary to brin~ -d, and shall charge the AVHS for all reasoi IX. CUSTODIAL/MAINTENANCE A. AVHS shall, at all times, keep the Shelter in a neat, clean, safe and sanitary condition, and in compliance with all applicable codes and laws. AVHS shall furnish all cleaning supplies and materials, other expendable supplies, such as light bulbs, needed to operate the Shelter in a manner prescribed in this Agreement, and provide all necessary janitorial services to adequately maintain the Shelter. The City or a representative of the City may inspect E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 7 of 23 the Shelter at any reasonable times to ensure that the terms and conditions of this Agreement are being complied with. C. Indemnification: The AVHS agrees to hold harmless, protect, indemnify, and defend the City from and against any damage, loss, claim, or liability; INCLUDING reasonable attorney's fees and costs; resulting from the AVHS's use, disposal, transportation, generation, and/or sale of any Hazardous Substances. The City agrees to hold harmless, protect, indemnify, and defend the AVHS from and against any damage, loss, claim, or liability, including attorney's fees and costs, resulting from (a) Hazardous Substances existing on the Shelter as of the date of E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 8 of 23 execution of this Agreement; or (b) Hazardous Substances thereafter used, disposed of, or generated on the Shelter by the City; or (c) Hazardous Substances used, disposed of, or generated on the Shelter by any third party unrelated to the AVHS. These indemnities will survive the termination of this Agreement, whether by expiration of the Term or otherwise. XI. TERMINATION A. The parties may terminate this Agreement at any time by mutual execution of such written termination agreement as may be negotiated between the parties. E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 9 of 23 E. Upon termination or expiration of the term of this Agreement, the AVHS shall remove all its goods, wares and merchandise from the Shelter and shall remove any equipment or fixtures placed therein by the AVHS pursuant to the terms of any written Agreement providing for removal by the AVHS upon expiration. The AVHS shall have twenty (20) days to complete removal of such property from the Shelter. The AVHS shall restore any areas damaged by the installation of fixtures or equipment to the condition of the area before installation occurred, reasonable wear and tear excepted. No fixtures or improvements or additions to the Shelter shall be removed unless previously agreed in this Agreement or a separate writing signed by both parties. indepe general public. service public g p yees were emp yees City. 11 operate and conduct the animal sheltering in the Shelter in a 11 not permit any acts or conduct on the part of the AVHS's nental to the City's image. S's personnel shall be dressed in appropriate attire for the services XIIL COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS The AVHS, its officers, employees, and agents shall comply with applicable federal, state, county, and local laws, statutes, rules, regulations, and ordinances, in performing its obligations under this Agreement. The AVHS shall comply with any and all applicable laws, standards, and regulations pertaining to the operations of an animal shelter inclusive of all laws pertaining to employment practices and employee treatment. Conditions of the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA), and the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1973 (WISHA). The AVHS agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the City from all damages assessed for the AVHS's failure to comply with the Acts and Standards issued thereunder. The AVHS is also responsible for meeting all pertinent local, state and federal health XII. ST ARDS OF CONDUCT ndent operator as anon-profit, the City's ACO exists for the use and enjoyment of the A. The AVHS recognizes that, although it is operating the animal shelter as an The AVHS and its employees will devote their best efforts toward rendering to the as thou h the AVHS and its emto to of the E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 10 of 23 and environmental regulations and standards applying to any operation in the performance of this Agreement. XIV. ACCESS TO BOOKS AND RECORDS grounds, and proximate spaces, activity th approval of the AVHS which approval shall ,s or exhibits without the prior withheld as to the City. XVL ADDRESSES FOR NOTICES the earlier of person requested, addressed znder must be in writing and will be effective upon after being mailed by certified mail, return receipt ITY at the address for that party designated herein. for notice purposes by written notice to the other. addresses: To the AVHS at the following address: 1402 Lake Tapps Parkway E. Suite 104 #385 Auburn, WA 98092-8157 With a copy to: Gibson & Jarvey, Inc. P.S. 901 E. Main Street Auburn, WA 98092 E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page I I of 23 XVIL ASSIGNMENT OF AGREEMENT Neither party shall assign the contract in part or as a whole, without the written consent of the other, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. The AVHS shall not subcontract any of the Shelter services, facilities, or equipment, or delegate any of its duties under this Agreement without the prior written approval of the City, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. XVIIL EQUALITY OF TREATME XIX. CASUALTY TO OR DEMOLITION OF SHELTER The parties agree that the primary use of the premises is the operation of an animal shelter. The parties recognize that this use may be interfered with or prevented because of fire, earthquake, flood, storm, landslide, act of war, vandalism, theft or other extraordinary casualty. B. Repair After Damage. If the AVHS does not give notice of the AVHS's election to terminate as provided in Article XIX A above, and within the time periods so provided, then the City shall, subject to the provisions of this Article, immediately commence and diligently pursue to completion the repair of such damage so that the Shelter is restored to a condition of similar quality, character and utility for the AVHS's purposes. Notwithstanding anything E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 12 of 23 contained herein to the contrary, if the Shelter is not repaired and restored within one hundred eighty (180) days from the date of the damage, the AVHS may cancel the Agreement at any time before the City completes the repairs and delivers the restored Shelter to the AVHS. If the AVHS does not so terminate, the City shall continue to restore the Shelter. XX. NO LIENS OR EN It is mutually understood and agreed that the AVHS shall have no authority, express or implied, to create or place any lien or encumbrance of any kind or nature whatsoever upon, or in any manner to bind, the interest of the City in the Shelter or to charge the rentals payable hereunder for any claim in favor of any person dealing with the AVHS, including those who may furnish materials or perform labor for any construction or repairs, and each such claim shall affect and each such lien shall attach to, if at all, only the right and interest granted to the AVHS by this Agreement. If any such liens are filed, the City may, without waiving its rights and remedies for breach, and without releasing the AVHS from its obligations hereunder, require the AVHS to post security in form and amount reasonably satisfactory to the City or cause such liens to be released by any means the City deems proper, including payment in satisfaction of the claim giving rise to the lien. The AVHS shall pay to the City upon demand any sum paid by the City to remove the liens. Further, the AVHS agrees that it will save and hold the City harmless from any and all loss, cost, or expenses based on or arising out of the asserted claims or liens, against this Agreement or against the right, title, and interest of the City in the Shelter or under the terms of this Agreement, including reasonable attorney's fees and costs incurred by the City in removing such liens, and in enforcing this Article. Additionally, it is mutually understood and agreed that this Article is intended to be a continuing provision applicable to future repairs and improvements after the initial construction phase. XXIIL INSURANCE E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 13 of 23 The AVHS shall be responsible for maintaining its own fire and hazard insurance on personal property and leasehold improvements placed within the Premises and owned by the AVHS. All personal property of any kind or description whatsoever in the Shelter shall be at the AVHS's sole risk, and the City shall not be liable for any damage done to, or loss of, such personal property. B. Liability Insurance: Not less than thirty (30) days prior to the date of the AVHS's entry onto the Shelter premises, the AVHS, at its own expense shall obtain and file with the City's Risk Manager a Certificate of Insurance evidencing commercial general liability insurance coverage ("CGL") providing coverage of at least $1,000,000.00 per occurrence and $2,000,000.00 general aggregate. The CGL policy shall remain in full force and effect at the AVHS's sole expense for liability for E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 14 of 23 XXIL HOLD HARMLESS, INDEMNIFICATION & INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE TIONSHIP OF PARTIES E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 15 of 23 administration and enforcement of this Agreement shall not be deemed an exercise of managerial control over the AVHS or the AVHS's personnel. B. No Third Party Rights Created: It is mutually understood and agreed that this Agreement is solely for the benefit of the PARTIES hereto and gives no right to any other party. XXIV. PERMITS, LICENSES, TAXES AND FEES rent Auburn Business id permits as may be permits, necessary to e expense. Each party to fully implement the Failure to enforc provision. No waiver of writing, specifying such enforced. Waiver of any of any other right or pov in addition to all oth damages suffered by the Cif of the premises by the AVH AVHS shall leave behind all ision of this Al )r obligation of ecuted by the p ewer arising out e solely responsible for all taxes, & fees, business and occupation -deral, state, regional, county and ces, permit fees, operating fees, es, property, income, equipment, is under this Agreement. ,reement shall not be deemed a waiver of that either party hereto shall be effective unless in arty against whom such waiver is sought to be of this Agreement shall not be deemed waiver *emedies provided by law, the parties hereto agree that the actual iay be difficult to calculate and, in the event of the abandonment r entry by the City because of breach or default by the AVHS, the the Tenant Improvements identified in Exhibit "C." XXVIL COSTS & ATTORNEY'S FEES In any action brought to enforce any provision of this Agreement, including actions to recover sums due or for the breach of any covenant or condition of this Agreement, or for the restitution of the Shelter to the City or eviction of the AVHS during the term or after expiration thereof, the substantially prevailing party shall be entitled to recover from the other party all reasonable costs and reasonable attorney's fees incurred, including the fees of accountants, appraisers, and other professionals, at trial or on appeal, and without resort to suit. E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 16 of 23 XXIII. ARTICLE HEADINGS, GENDER, & NUMBER Article headings are not to be construed as binding provisions of this Agreement; they are for the convenience of the parties only. The masculine, feminine, singular and plural of any word or words shall be deemed to include and refer to the gender and number appropriate in the context. XXIX. ENTIRE AGREEMENT This Agreement and its Exhibits constitutes the entire Agreement between the parties, and the Parties acknowledge that there are no other Agreements, written or oral, that have not been set forth in the text of this Agreement. XXXI. Any controversy or claim arising o be settled by arbitration administered t Commercial Arbitration Rules then in of judgment thereon may be enforced by any foregoing, either party may seek injunctive MODIFICATION tten instrument signed by both parties. PROVISIONS - SEVERABILITY the Agre eement be found void, illegal, or unenforceable, the balance of force and effect. This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Agreement has been entered into between the City of Auburn and Auburn Valley Human Society, as of the day of , 2011. E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 17 of 23 XXXIV. COUNTERPARTS CITY OF AUBURN A Washington municipal corporation Peter B. Lewis, Mayor APPROVED AS TO FORM: Daniel B. Heid, City Attorney AUBURN VALLEY HUMANE SOCIETY A Washington corporation Paul Pumilia, President Suzanne Nagy, Secretary ,OF," 1* 14mik L '1L ATTEST: Danielle E. Daskam, City Clerk 7 LIST OF Exhibi Property by the AVHS via the City's $417,000 Allowance E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 18 of 23 FxuTUTTc '44~0 EXHIBIT A - LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF SHELTER PROPERTY Parcel # 3621049018 That part of Township 21 east of the EXCEPT the n south 58.5 r County by De Commonly e southeast quarter of Section 36, n King County, Washington, lying pany right-of-way; my for road purposes, and the feet thereof conveyed to King Number 1826192. E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 19 of 23 EXHIBIT TENANT IMPROVEMENTS PROVIDED BY THI ALLOWANCE 417,000 The City shall make available Four hundred and seventeen thousand dollars and no/100 ($417,000) for the AVHS to use toward tenant improvements for the following purposes: E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 20 of 23 21. 5000sf of fiberglass reinforced panels up to 6' 22. Interior plumbing for: 3 water closets, 1 urinal, 2 lavatories, 1 kitchen sink, 1 - 50 gallon electric water heater, 5 stainless steel hand sinks, 1 dishwasher rough in, 1 wash machine, 1 bath tub rough-in (owner supplied), 5 hose reels for kennel wash down, 80ft trench drains for dog kennel wash out 23. Replacement of two roof mount HVAC units with new Carrier 5 ton units with economizers 24. New 5-ton RTU and duct system 25. Interior electrical E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 21 of 23 ;j! sa ~ { I ru l ~ LrI , II~ U II II • ~ C+1 0000000 Z00 z E i~ ` I I i F ip- E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 22 of 23 1 j T L - f r r r - m _ l ;9 g m 9~"r'fF. 21 au,w.auwv aW ~ AUBURN VALLEY HUMANE SOCIETY A n n a z veoo~ ~s 7 1 E:AAGENDA\MunicipalServicesPaperlessPacket\2011\16 August 22, 2011\20110817 AVHS draft clean (7).doc 8.3.2011 Page 23 of 23